Elizabeth :) Flashcards
Who were the courtiers?
Important people who spent a lot of time around
Elizabeth. Usually nobility
Structure of Elizabethan Government?
.court
.privy council
.parliament
.lords lieutenants
.JPS
Who were the privy council?
19 leading courtiers who met 3 times a week to discuss and advise the queen.
Paliament?
House of Lords and House of Commons. Very few
people could vote
Lords lieutenant?
Chosen by the queen and assigned to each county to help monarch keep control
Elizabeth issues at accession?
.legitimacy
.gender
.marriage
.finances
.relations with France and Spain
How much was Elizabeth in debt?
£300,000
Auld alliance
. France and Scotland
. 1295
Reformation?
.1534
. The time when Henry VIII broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and formed his own Protestant Church, the Church of England.
Papacy?
The ‘office’ or leadership of the Pope.
The religious settlement?
.1559
The act of Supremacy?
.part of the religious settlement
.Elizabeth supreme governor of the CofE
.clergy have to swear an oath of allegiance to her
.Ecclesiastical High Commission set up to enforce the rules- clergy punished
The act of uniformity?
.clear rules about what a Protestant church should look like and have inside
.book of common prayer
.Priests needed to wear vestements
.everyone had to attend on sunday and on religious festivals - recusants fined
The royal injunctions?
.all clergy had to teach that Elizabeth was the head of church and not the pope
.recusants reported to the privy council
.bible in english- not Latin
.pictures allowed in church
Impacts of the religious settlements?
.Most Priests did take the Oath of Allegiance to Elizabeth
.Most Bishops refused so Elizabeth sacked them and appointed ones that would
.Most people accepted the changes- slower in Catholic areas
What did some puritans churhes do?
Some Puritan clergy made different rules for their churches and services
What issues did puritans have?
The Crucifix Controversy (Puritans wanted Crucifixes removed from churches)
The Vestment Controversy (Puritans did not want clergy in special clothes)
How did elizabeth solve the puritan threat?
Crucifix controversy:
The Queen gave in as the Bishops
threatened to resign
Vestment controversy:
In 1566 the Archbishop of
Canterbury supported the Queen, so
most clergy agreed to wear special
clothes. A few did not and were
sacked.
What was the Roman Catholic threat?
In 1566 the Pope told Roman Catholics in England not to attend the Church of England
. Elizabeth ignored recuasants
What was ‘counter reformation’
an attempt to stamp out Protestantism was sweeping through Europe by the 1560s.
Foreign powers for Elizabeth
how did she solve them?
Elizabeth helped French Protestants
but then had to sign the Treaty of
Troyes when the Protestants made
peace with the Catholics
Who was MQS?
.Roman Catholic
.Henry VII great granddaughter
.briefly queen of France
Rebellion against Mary in Scotland?
-outcome?
1560 Elizabeth supported a rebellion in Scotland against Mary Queen of Scots
The Treaty of Edinburgh was then drawn up and said Mary had to give up her claim to the English throne
Mary never agreed to this and wanted to be named as Elizabeth’s heir.
Mary in scotland?
.position not secure- scottish gov were protestant
.MQS thought to have murdered her ex husband Lord Darnley
.MQS forced to resign- James V
took over
.1568 fled to england
Mary in England?
Elizabeth didn’t clear Mary of murder
.imprisoned in 1568 executed in 1587
Elizabeth’s excommuncation?
.1570
.Pope Pius V declared that Elizabeth was a heretic (beliefs challenged the catholics) and, as such, she was excommunicated by way of a Papal Bull
What did the Papal bull declare?
released Catholics from any loyalty to Elizabeth and called upon them to remove her from the throne
Effects of the papal bull?
Pope had miscalculated. English and Welsh Catholics preferred to keep quiet about their religious beliefs and remained loyal to Elizabeth
What acts did Elizabeth pass after?
.1571
.Treason acts- illegal to say Elizabeth was not the true queen
Revolt of the Northern Earls?
.1569
.Spanish troops planned to help catholic rebels
.Thomas percy
.4,500 men
.450 executed
Ridolfi plot?
.1571
.Make MQS queen- marry Duke of Norfolk
.Ridolfi was a spy for the pope
.The pope involved- Spanish would invade
Who solved Ridolfi plot?
.Uncovered by Sir William Cecil by
having letters in code
Throckmorton plot?
.1583
.Throckmorton was arrested and under torture confessed to a plot in which France and Spain would invade England, release Mary and make her queen
.He was the go between
. Mary moved to more secure accomodtion
Who discovered the Throckmorton plot?
. Walshingham
. incrimating papers found
Babington plot?
.Babington would assassinate Elizabeth and put Mary on the throne
.1586
Who discovred Babington?
- consequences?
. Walshingham’s spy network interecepted the letter
. Mary replied in acknowledgement- enough to execute her
. offered £1,000 to spare himslef Elizabeth declined
Walshingham?
.Elizabeth’s secretary of state
.Captured Rc priests
Act (Law) for the Preservation of the
Queen’s Safety
.1585
.Said if Elizabeth was assassinated, Mary
should be banned from inheriting the
throne
Privateer?
People who had their own, armed ships and attacked and robbed other ships
Foreign Policy
Relations between one country and other, foreign countries
Elizabeth’s foreign policy aims?
.improve trade
.protect England’s borders
.protect the throne
.avoid war
autonomy?
.When a country governs its own policies
Spain’s empire?
south + central america
carribean
Netherlands
Starting timeline of the war between netherlands and spain?
1566 – The Dutch Revolt against Spanish control
1567 – The Duke of Alba (in Spain) took troops to the Netherlands to stamp out the Revolt and Protestantism
Elizabeth’s response to war in Netherlands?
.Elizabeth wanted the Spanish to allow the Netherlands autonomy
.She did not get involved directly, but secretly sent soldiers to help the Dutch.
.She also allowed English privateers to attack Spanish ships.
.She pursued friendly relations with France, even promising to marry the heir to the French throne.
Spanish Fury?
.1576
Spain’s soldiers in the Netherlands went on the rampage and sacked (robbed and smashed up) Antwerp
Pacification of Ghent?
– Dutch Protestants and Catholics drew up an list of demands that the Spanish leave and stop religious persecution
- funded by Elizabeth
-1576
Response to pacification of Ghent?
. 1577
. Spain agreed
. however 6 months later they returned and sent in troops to re establish control
. Elizabeth sent mercenaries
End of war between netherlands and spain?
1580-84
spain regain control
What happened after the war?
.june 1585
. Elizabeth refused queen of netherlands
Treaty of joinville?
.1584
.The French Catholic signed a treaty with Phillip pf Spain. It assured Phillip’s help against French Protestants.
Catholic France and Catholic Spain were now in an alliance against Protestantism
Treaty of Nonsuch?
.1585 aug
. Elizabeth signed a treaty with the Dutch rebels
. Elizabeth sent 7,400 troops
. Under control of Robert Dudley
Raids of the new world?
. october 1585
. Drake angered Phillip
Dudley in Netherlands?
. jan 1586
. Robert Dudley accepted the title of Governor-General of the Netherlands for Elizabeth. Elizabeth was angry as it looked like she had overthrown Phillip.
English military action in the Netherlands?
. 1586-7
. didnt go well
. dutch lost faith
. stopped duke of parma from taking deep water ports
Why wasnt Netherlands successful?
. Liz lack of committment
. Didnt want to force Spain out, just to give Dutch autonomy
. not enough money
Singeing of the King of spain’s beard?
.1587
.Cadiz
.destroyed 30 ships
.
Causes of Armada?
.religion
.politics (treaties)
.Drake
.circumstances
Phillips Army?
.230 ships- 64 battleships, 45 smaller
.30,000 men
.2,000 large cannons (short disatance, lowe fire rate)
. 3 million annual income
English army?
14,000 men
.140 small ships
.54 strong ships
.200 smaller cannons
Why did the Armada fail?
. weather- wind meant that they couldnt anchor
. english naval tactics- fire ships
. superior english ships- better equipped for better weather
. poor communication from spanish- unable to join the Duke of Parma due to bad ground
. The Duke of Medina Sidonia- little experience- made some fatal errors in plannning and battle- crescent formation easily broken apart
. Spanish poorly supplied
Consequences of English victory?
.encouraged Dutch rebellions
. showed the Strength of English Navy
. Proganda victory
Numbers after battle?
20,000 spanish died
100 english died
51 spanish ships destroyed
0 english ships destroyed
What subjects did the nobility study?
.foreign languages, history and philosophy
.girls- needlework, horse riding and dancing
.boys- fencing, horse riding and other sports
Grammar schools?
Every town in England had a grammar school by 1577
Schools for bright boys who came from well off families in towns.
Girls in education?
sent to dame school
basic education
mostly focused on being a good housewife
University?
. attend age 14/15
. oxford and cambridge
. geometry, public speaking and logic
Impact of education?
30% or men and 10% of women were literate by the end of Elizabeth’s reign
Sport for nobility?
men+women= hunting + fishing
men= wrestling + swimming
Sport for poor?
men= football ,swimming
Spectator sports?
. baiting- bear+bull
. cock fighting
Music and dancing?
.all classes passionate
.wealthy families employ musicians
.dancing brought men and women together, but not social classes
Literature pastimes?
. history books
. most people wrote poetry
Theatre?
. Red lion in whitechapel 1567
. popular for all classes
Who were the poor?
.40% of the poor in Norwich were under 16
. 2/3rds of the poor in Norwich were women
Poor in elizabeth?
.rural to urban migration
What was enclosure?
Replacing large, open fields with divided, smaller fields belonging to one individual.
.new ideas and practices= speeding up farming
.sheep farming increased which meant less people were required
Why did poverty increase?
.rising population
.inflation
.failed harvests
.taxes increased due to war
. cloth trade collapse
Statute of Artificiers?
.1563
.anyone who refused to pay poor relief would be sent to prison
.officals would be fined £20 for not collcting poor relief
Vagabonds act?
.1572
.harsh punishments for vagabonds- whipped, ear drilling
.The act created a register of the poor in each local area, made towns and cities responsible for finding jobs for those idle poor
Poor relief act
.1576
.differentiate between those idle poor and those who were impotent
.Justices of the Peace provide raw materials for the able bodied poor to make things that they could sell as a business to make money
.wood, straw and wool
.Houses of Correction were also set up where those who refused to work were also sent.
Galleon?
.much larger than traditional ships
How much did Drakes circumnavigation make?
500 million in todays money
What was the driving force behind new world discovery?
.trade
.slaves
.silver mines
.tobacco, sugar, cotton and herbs
What ship did Drake use?
Golden Hind
Effects of circumnaviagtion?
.boosted morale
.improved english repuatation
.encouraged others to raid Spanish colonies
.more colonies in America
Walter Raleigh?
.knighted in 1585
.instrumental in English colonisation
Reasons for virginia colonisation?
.naval base to attack Spanish Shipping
.base for building overseas army
.trade of sugar and tobacco
.control of spices, less of a reliance on Italy and Spain
Raleigh planning?
.organsied and raised funds
.promoted voyage and persuaded people to leave England
.able to gain backing from Liz and got a ship and gunpowder worth 400
.other individuals like Walshingham donated
Timing of mission?
Ships set off far too late in the year – cannot plant crops to see the colonists through the winter
Ship?
.all supplies on one ship
.hits a rock looses lots of possessions
How many signed up?
107
half are soldiers
large majority incapable of assisting when landing
not prepared for the hardship
Leaders?
Grenville- violent approch
Lane-peaceful
couldnt agree
Cheif Wingina?
.resistant
.annoyed at the constant demands for food
.didn’t trust
.wanted to unite the coastal tribes to banish English
Small pox?
killed 30% of those infected
deadly to native americans
