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Second Sem First Sem > Weight And Balance > Flashcards

Weight And Balance Flashcards

1
Q

One of the determining factors in the ability of an aircraft to fly

A

Weight

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2
Q

Early aircraft quickly adapted to the use of such materials: ____, _____ and _____ to obtain the strength to weight ratios that would allow flight

A

Wood, dope, and fabric

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3
Q

However, during early days little thought was given to _______ that resulted in failure and often catastrophic events leading to death

A

Balance

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4
Q

During world war 1 - it had become common knowledge to designers that in order to obtain a good aircraft it must be ______ and __________.

A

light and maneuverable

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5
Q

Today, aircraft became an accepted mode of transportation by the public with farther demands for more _____, _______ and _______. This includes: small training aircraft, helicopters and aircraft capable to carry passengers to their destination.

A

speed, comfort and convenience

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6
Q

All of these aircraft will be adversely affected by _____________. This is may be due to excess of weight or improper placement of weight in different locations within the aircraft.

A

Improper loading

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7
Q

The responsibility for proper weight and balance control begins with the ________ and ________ and extends to the technicians who maintain the aircraft and the pilots who operate them.

A

engineers and designers

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8
Q

The ________ of an aircraft set the maximum weight based on the amount of lift the wings or rotors can provide under the operational conditions for which the aircraft is designed.

A

designers

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9
Q

The ____________ of the aircraft also limits the maximum weight the aircraft can safely carry.

A

structural strength

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10
Q

The ______ carefully determine the ideal center of gravity (CG) and calculate the maximum allowable deviation from this specific location.

A

designers

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11
Q

Five types of aircraft

A

Transport aircraft
Military aircraft
Corporate aircraft
Agricultural aircraft
Trainers and private aircraft

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12
Q

It must carry huge loads of passengers and cargo for long distances at high altitudes and speeds.

A

Transport aircraft

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13
Q

Must be highly maneuverable and extremely sturdy.

A

Military aircraft

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14
Q

Must carry a reasonable load at high speed for long distances

A

Corporate aircraft

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15
Q

Must be lightweight, low cost, simple and safe to operate.

A

Trainers and private aircraft

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16
Q

All aircraft regardless of their function have two common characteristics

A

•Sensitive to weight
•Center of gravity maintained within a specified range

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17
Q

The primary purpose of aircraft weight and balance control

A

Safety

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18
Q

Secondary purpose of aircraft weight and balance control

A

Efficiency

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19
Q

Two types of loads

A

Static loads and dynamic loads

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20
Q

The load imposed on an aircraft structure due to the weight of the aircraft and its contents

A

Static loads

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21
Q

The actual weight of the aircraft multiplied by the load factor, or the increase in weight caused by acceleration

A

Dynamic loads

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22
Q

The ratio of the maximum load an aircraft can sustain to the total weight of the aircraft

A

Load factor

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23
Q

Load factor of normal category aircraft

A

3.8

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24
Q

Load factor of utility category aircraft

A

4.4

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25
Q

Load factor of acrobatic category aircraft

A

6.0

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26
Q

The ________ provides the aircraft operator with the empty weight of the aircraft and the location of its empty weight center of gravity (EWCG) at the time the certified aircraft leaves the factory.

A

Manufacturer

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27
Q

_________________ must have this information determined and available at the time of certification.

A

Amateur-built aircraft

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28
Q

The ____________________ who maintains the aircraft keeps the weight and balance records current, recording any changes that have been made because of repairs or alterations

A

FAA-certified mechanic or repairman

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29
Q

The _____________ has the responsibility prior to every flight to know the maximum allowable weight of the aircraft and its CG limits

A

pilot in command

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30
Q

Five effects of overloaded aircraft

A
  1. More runway will be needed
  2. A lower climb angle and higher speed will be needed
  3. Structural safety factors are reduced
  4. Stalling speeds are increased
  5. More engine power is required
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31
Q

Four effects of aircraft with too much weight forward
(nose heavy)

A
  1. Tendency to dive forward
  2. Stability decreased
  3. Adverse spin characteristic
  4. More engine power required
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32
Q

Five effects of aircraft with too much weight aft
(Tail heavy)

A
  1. Flying speed is decreased
  2. Stall characteristic
  3. Stability decreased
  4. Adverse spin characteristic
  5. More engine power required
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33
Q

The most crucial step in weight and balance calculation

A

Weighing the aircraft

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34
Q

It is the tendency for aircraft to become _______ as they become older

A

Heavier

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35
Q

Two equipments in weighing the aircraft

A

Scales and jack

36
Q

All aircraft should be weighed in a ______ hangar with a fairly level floor

A

Closed

37
Q

If the aircraft were to be weighed outside, the ____________ would adversely effect scale readings, thus giving lighter readings that actual aircraft weight

A

wind over the wings

38
Q

Two types of scales

A

Mechanical platform type
Electronic type

39
Q

_________ or ________& are also a reliable means to weigh aircraft and are typically cheaper than the platform type

A

Electronic type or load cell scales

40
Q

On tail wheel aircraft, the tail must be raised to a _________

A

level altitude

41
Q

Aircraft manufacturer recommended that the aircraft be weighed from the _______

A

Jack points

42
Q

When capacity of _____ of the load to be carried, fit well in the jack pads also be equipped with safety locks

A

150%

43
Q

All jacking should be performed evenly and strictly in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations. This is because some of our aircraft today require _____ in the nose or tail during jacking operations

A

ballast

44
Q

Procedure for weight and balance (8)

A
  1. Scale preparation
  2. Weigh clean aircraft inside hangar
  3. Equipment list
  4. Ballast
  5. Standard weights
  6. Draining the fuel
  7. Configuration of the aircraft
  8. Jacking the aircraft
45
Q

_________ and ________ scales should be inspected prior to use and set to zero.

A

Mechanical and electronic

46
Q

Scales should not be used in temperature extremes _______ or _______ unless the scale is specially designed for use in those temperatures

A

below 40°F or above 100°F

47
Q

___________ are very sensitive and if subjected to freezing temperatures, the liquid displays may be damaged beyond use

A

Electronic scales

48
Q

The aircraft should be weighed _______________ where wind cannot blow over the surface and cause fluctuating or false scale reading.

A

inside a hangar

49
Q

All required ________ ballasts must be properly secured in place.

A

Permanent

50
Q

All ________ ballasts must be removed

A

Temporary

51
Q

______________ are established weights for numerous items involved in weight and balance computations

A

Standard weights

52
Q

_____ the fuel from the tanks in the manner specified by the aircraft manufacturer.

A

Drain

53
Q

If there are no specific instructions, drain the fuel until the fuel quantity gauges read _____

A

Empty

54
Q

If it is not feasible to drain the fuel, the tanks can be _________ to be sure of the quantity they contain and the aircraft weighed with full fuel.

A

topped off

55
Q

Consult the _______________ regarding position of the landing gear shock struts and the control surfaces for weighing

A

aircraft service manual

56
Q

When weighing a helicopter, the _________ must be in its correct position

A

Main rotor

57
Q

Stress plates must be installed under the ________ if the manufacturer specifies them

A

Jack pads

58
Q

If anyone is required to be in the aircraft while it is being jacked, there must be __________

A

No movement

59
Q

The jacks must be straight under the ________ before beginning to raise the aircraft

A

Jack pads

60
Q

All jack must be raised _____________ and the safety devices are against the jack cylinder to prevent aircraft tipping if any jack should lose pressure.

A

simultaneously

61
Q

Not all jacks have screw down collars, some use ______ or ________

A

drop pins or friction locks

62
Q

The force exerted by gravity (Newton or pounds)

A

Weight

63
Q

Positive (+) in weight means?

A

For items added

64
Q

Negative (-) in weight means?

A

For items removed

65
Q

It is the total weight of the aircraft, equipment, passenger, baggage and fuel

A

Maximum weight

66
Q

Large transport type aircraft have three maximum weight

A

Taxi or ramp weight
Takeoff weight
Landing weight

67
Q

Additional weight such as fuel

A

Taxi or ramp weight

68
Q

Greatest amount of weight that the aircraft is safely capable of lifting from the ground

A

Takeoff weight

69
Q

Greatest amount of weight with which the aircraft can land safely

A

Landing weight

70
Q

It is the weight of the airframe engine and all the equipment that has a fixed location or installed in the aircraft.
Does not include passengers, baggage and fuel.

A

Empty weight

71
Q

It is used in transport types of aircraft where certain items are always carried on the aircraft. The crew, galley water, survival gear, fuel oil and deicing fluids, water injection injections and etc. that are not part of empty weight falls into this category.

A

Operating weight

72
Q

The _________ is the empty weight of the aircraft subtracted from the maximum weight of the aircraft. This includes the oil, fuel, cargo, baggage and passengers.

A

Useful load

73
Q

Basic empty weight plus the weight of standard operational items

A

Basic operating weight (BOW) or operational weight empty

74
Q

Basic operating weight (BOW) plus the payload. The weight of the airplane exclusive of usable fuel.

A

Zero fuel weight

75
Q

Basic operating weight (BOW) plus usable fuel. The weight of the airplane exclusive of payload

A

Operating weight

76
Q

It is the imaginary line on vertical plane which is horizontal measurement on the aircraft are taken for weight and balance purposes

A

Datum

77
Q

It is the horizontal distance that an item is located from the datum.

A

Arm

78
Q

If the particular item is located forward the datum it is shown with _____ sign

A

Negative

79
Q

If the item is located aft of the datum it is shown with a _____ sign

A

Positive

80
Q

It is the product of the weight multiplied by the arm

A

Moment

81
Q

The longer the distance from the datum the ______ moment will become.

A

Larger

82
Q

The __________ is the point at which the nose heavy moments and the tail heavy moments have equal magnitude

A

Center of gravity

83
Q

Correctly balance your aircraft is so important for safe flying, because an incorrect center of gravity can potentially result in the aircraft to being quite ________

A

Uncontrollable

84
Q

The average distance from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the wing

A

Mean aerodynamic chord (MAC)

85
Q

The location of the ____ in relation to the datum is given in the aircraft specifications, type certificate data sheets, weight and balance report, or the aircraft flight manual

A

MAC

86
Q

Two mean aerodynamic chords

A

•Leading edge of mean aerodynamic chord (LEMAC)
•Trailing edge of the aerodynamic chord (TEMAC)

87
Q

Their position is expressed in length units aft of the datum

A

Leading edge of mean aerodynamic chord (LEMAC)
Trailing edge of the aerodynamic chord (TEMAC)

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