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GEOG 1000 > Weeks 8-9 Content (8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1, & 9.2) > Flashcards

Weeks 8-9 Content (8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1, & 9.2) Flashcards

1
Q

describe Hess’s thoughts about plate tectonics in the ‘60’s

A

spreading ocean crust makes mid-ocean ridges
Sea floor spreading from the oceanic crust moves apart and the continents on top of it

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2
Q

describe hess’s & dietz’s later thoughts on plate tectonics

A

old floor sinks along subduction zones, creating deep trenches. Oldest parts of crust are densest because they sink with gravity into the trenches

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3
Q

Describe Ridge push

A

pushed by the weight of a mid ocean ridge

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4
Q

Describe slab pull

A

a plate being pulled by the weight of its subducted portion

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5
Q

describe subduction

A

weight of crustal formation forces oceanic crust down under lighter crust

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6
Q

describe divergence

A

plates move apart

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7
Q

describe transform boundaries

A

plates slide past each other, forming a transform fault

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8
Q

describe convergent plate boundaries

A

plates collide and subduct

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9
Q

divergent plate boundaries

A

pull apart and create rift valley, in areas of seafloor spreading

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10
Q

describe seafloor spreading

A

upwelling flows of magma along the world-wide system of mid-ocean ridges that causes continental drift

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11
Q

what are the 3 plate boundary movements?

A

divergent, convergent, and transform

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12
Q

describe hot spots/ ring of fire

A

set of common earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

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13
Q

describe the tectonic cycle

A

endogenic, moves new rock material to surface and recycles old rock via subduction

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14
Q

What is relief

A

changes in ground surface or height

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15
Q

what are the 3 orders of relief

A

first- coarsest level of landforms (oceans & continents)
second- middle landforms on continents and in oceans
third- individual landforms like a valley, mountain, etc

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16
Q

3 categories of crustal formation

A
  1. remnants of old rock
  2. actively changing rock
  3. molten rock
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17
Q

3 types of stress on crustal formation

A

tension- pulling makes thinner
compression- shortening makes folding
shear- twist makes strike-slip fault or bent rock

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18
Q

describe folding

A

compressional = shortening (bending)

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19
Q

anticline vs syncline

A

anti- arch shaped upward fold
syn- trough shaped downward fold

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20
Q

faulting

A

shifting of rocks on either side of fault (breaking)

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21
Q

normal fault

A

crust pulled apart & hanging wall side drops (tension)

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22
Q

reverse/ thrust fault

A

crust pushed together & hanging wall side slips up (earthquake) (compression)

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23
Q

strike-slip fault

A

one plate moves past another (shearing)

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24
Q

orogenesis

A

mountain building

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25
Q

3 types of tectonic activity

A

oceanic + continental = subduction
oceanic + oceanic = trenches & volcanos
continental + continental = folding, thrusting, faulting, uplifting (mechanical)

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26
Q

stress vs strain

A

stress is force applied to rocks, strain is shape change due to stress

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27
Q

2 parts of an earthquake

A

focus/ hypocenter- where motion of waves is initiated along fault plane
epicenter- area at surface directly above focus

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28
Q

elastic rebound theory

A

1- sides of fault are forced together
2- stress builds up & becomes stronger, strain begins
3- slides move rapidly into a new condition with less strain

29
Q

Richter scale

A

measured earthquakes based on energy released via amplitude/ height of seismic waves

30
Q

Moment Magnitude scale (m)

A

measures fault length, amount of slippage, surface rupture size, & composition of faulted materials.
more accurate than Richter scale

31
Q

Modified mercalli scale

A

determines damage to terrain based on roman numeral scale from I- XII (1-12)

32
Q

P waves vs S waves

A

p waves: compressional, small, fast, low impact, can warn for S waves
s waves: shear, secondary, slower, high impact

33
Q

earthquake effects depend on 3 things

A

1- earthquake’s properties: magnitude, type, depth
2- geological conditions: wave path, rock type
3- societal conditions: building quality, preparedness

34
Q

paleoseismology

A

history of plate boundaries and past earthquakes

35
Q

dilatancy

A

increase in rock volume from cracks formed by stress/ strain

36
Q

4 main areas where volcanos occur

A

1- rift valleys (plates moving apart make openings for magma to escape)
2- mountain chains near subduction zones
3- mid- ocean rifts (seafloor spread)
4- hot spots

37
Q

volcano

A

opening of a pipe/ conduit where magma rises from asthenosphere

38
Q

crater

A

depression near vent of volcano

39
Q

pyroclastics

A

rock & clastic from volcanic eruption that form new ground

40
Q

caldera

A

depression formed when part of volcano collapses inward after eruption (lakes)

41
Q

basaltic lava

A

low viscosity- fast spreading

42
Q

rhyolitic lava

A

high viscosity- cools once hits air

43
Q

dacitic lava

A

silica, quick solidifying, sand

44
Q

flood/ plateau basalts

A

lava covers large area of land as thin sheet

45
Q

shield volcano

A

symmetrical mountain from effusive eruption, gentle slope so slow movement of magma

46
Q

2 types of eruptions

A

effusive and explosive

47
Q

effusive eruptions

A

-low viscosity = gas escapes making gentle flow & large quantity
-usually forms cinder cone or shield volcano, or flood basalts

48
Q

explosive eruptions

A

-magma from subduction
-make composite volcanos
-high viscosity allows less gas to escape = explode

49
Q

what are some volcano hazards

A

hot ash, gases, landslides, tree destruction, increased atmospheric dust

50
Q

benefits of volcanos

A

new soil, geothermal energy, new land, new rocks/ minerals

51
Q

yellowstone caldera is what kind of volcano

A

super volcano

52
Q

active volcano

A

has erupted at least once in history

53
Q

geomorphology

A

science of landscape denudation (weathering, erosion, mass movement)

54
Q

regolith

A

loose surface over bedrock, where soil starts developing

55
Q

bedrock

A

upper surface gets continuous weathering to create regolith (parent rock)

56
Q

5 main factors that influence weathering

A

1- rock composition: character & joints
2- climate: wetter/warmer= increased weathering, cold= freeze/thaw
3- subsurface water: movement of water through and around rock
4- slope orientation: direction and exposure to sun/ wind
5- vegetation: protect or weather rock

57
Q

3 causes for physical weathering

A

frost (water expands in rock & breaks)
salt crystals (when water evaporates it leaves crystals that enlarge
exfoliation (rock peels or slips off)

58
Q

chemical weathering

A

always with water
increases with temp & moisture
dependent on solubility of rock’s minerals

59
Q

angle of repose

A

angle of slope inclination, if steep enough gravity will overcome friction

60
Q

sheer strength

A

resisting force from cohesion of slope materials & internal friction

61
Q

driving forces depend on (3)

A

weight (size, shape)
whether slope exceeds angle of repose
wetness

62
Q

resisting forces depend on (3)

A

sheer strength (cohesiveness & friction)
shear stress (gravity > friction)
material (sand = little cohesion, clay= high cohesion)

63
Q

waxing vs waning slope

A

waxing- convex (weathering)
waning- transportation/ deposition

64
Q

4 causes of slope failure

A

saturation
steepness
snow melt
shake debris loose

65
Q

4 types of mass movement

A

falls, slides, flow, creep

66
Q

4 types of human induced mass movement

A

deforestation
building on steep ground
road construction
undercutting/ mining

67
Q

4 steps of dynamic equilibrium approach

A
  1. Equilibrium stability
  2. Destabilizing event
  3. Adjustment period
  4. New condition of equilibrium stability
68
Q

karst topography

A

chem. weathered limestone
poor surface drainage
channels and conduits

69
Q

dripstones

A

stalactites from ceiling & stalagmites from floor

GEOG 1000 (5 decks)

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