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GEOG 1000 > Weeks 6-7 Content (quiz 3) > Flashcards

Weeks 6-7 Content (quiz 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Define microclimatology (3 studies)

A

science of physical conditions including radiation, heat, & moisture

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2
Q

what is net radiation

A

the sum of all radiation gains and losses anywhere on earth’s surface

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3
Q

what is the equation for NET R

A

(incoming SW insolation - outgoing SW reflection) + (incoming LW infared - outgoing LW infared) = NET R

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of energy & describe them?

A

energy (ability to do work), power (energy release rate), heat (energy transfer between molecules)

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5
Q

Kinetic vs Potential energy

A

kinetic- energy in motion (like electricity)
potential- energy in reserve (a battery)

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6
Q

Sensible heat vs Latent Heat

A

sensible- sensed as temperature from vibration of molecules
latent- energy gained/ lost when substance changes state

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7
Q

what are the 3 types of energy transfer mechanisms & describe

A

radiation (without a transfer medium), conduction (movement of heat through molecules without molecule movement), convection (heat transfer through mixing in fluid)

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8
Q

define temperature

A

measure of average kinetic energy (0C = 273K)

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9
Q

define weather

A

short term atmospheric variations (wind, clouds, humidity)

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10
Q

define climate

A

average weather over decades

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11
Q

meteorology

A

study of the atmosphere

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12
Q

what are the 4 primary controls on temperature

A

latitude, altitude, cloud cover, land/water heat capacity

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13
Q

Describe latitude as a control on temperature

A

intensity of solar radiation decreases away from equator

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14
Q

define altitude as a control on temperature

A

decreasing air temp with increasing altitude is lapse rate. less dense air = less sensible heat

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15
Q

define cloud cover as a control on temperature

A

clouds absorb radiation (warmer) or reflect radiation (cooler)

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16
Q

define land/water heat capacity as a control on temperature

A

land heats/cools faster than water due to transparency, evaporation, SHC, and movement/ fluidity

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17
Q

describe wind

A

energy transport driven by air pressure differences (warm/humid air= low pressure/ density; rises, cold/dry air= high pressure/ density; sinks)

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18
Q

what are the 3 forces that drive speed & direction of wind

A

pressure gradient force, coriolis force, friction force

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19
Q

describe pressure gradient force

A

moves air from HIGH pressure to LOW pressure. The steeper the PGF, the stronger the wind. Isobars that are far apart = a gradual PGF & less wind

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20
Q

describe vertical air movement through a PGF

A

high pressure/ density cool air is forced up to an area of low pressure/ density warm air. Air that diverges/sinks = high pressure, air that converges/rises = low pressure

21
Q

Describe the coriolis force

A

wind travelling straight gets deflected due to the earth’s rotation (wind curves right in NH) air closer to the poles travels slower than air near equator (takes longer for a full rotation around equator so needs to be faster). Balances PGF

22
Q

describe friction force

A

drag against wind as it moves closer to the earth’s rigid surface (cross isobars at an angle)

23
Q

describe a cyclone in the NH

A

air spinning counter-clockwise into a low-pressure system

24
Q

describe an anticyclone in the NH

A

air spinning clockwise out of a high-pressure system

25
Q

what are the 4 main pressure areas, and which are thermal vs mechanical?

A

thermal- equatorial low & polar highs
mechanical/dynamic- subtropical highs & subpolar lows

26
Q

describe the equatorial low

A

contains warm, light air near equator = low pressure (warm & wet)

27
Q

describe polar high

A

contains cold, dense air near poles = high pressure (cold and dry)

28
Q

describe subtropical highs

A

hot, dry air = high pressure (hot and dry)

29
Q

describe subpolar lows

A

cold, wet air = low pressure (cold & wet)

30
Q

what are Rossby waves

A

waves at the polar front that move from E to W that bring cold N air to S, and warm S air to N (develop near a jet stream)

31
Q

what are jet streams

A

high pressure ridges where air loops N & low pressure ‘troughs’ where air loops S

32
Q

what are the two processes that change earth’s surface

A

endogenic & exogenic

33
Q

define endogenic processes

A

earths interior systems
powered by heat & radioactive decay
building things UP (mountains, volcanoes)
includes rock formation, plate tectonics, and isostatic adjustments
heat travels outward from center

34
Q

define exogenic processes

A

earths exterior systems caused by air, water & ice
powered by solar energy
breaking things DOWN
includes weathering, mass movement, and erosion/ deposition
energy from atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere break down geosphere

35
Q

two main ideas of earth’s history

A

uniformitarianism & catastrophism

36
Q

define uniformitarianism

A

Hutton & Lyell
earth is old and has formed very slowly over history

37
Q

define catastrophism

A

Cuvier
earth is young & was created by catastrophic events with natural causes

38
Q

roughly how old is the earth

A

4.54 billion years old

39
Q

what are the 5 ways time is divided into intervals (most years to least years)

A

eons, eras, periods, epochs, ages

40
Q

superposition

A

rock gets older the deeper you go towards core

41
Q

stratigraphy

A

study of rock formation sequences

42
Q

what are the 2 ways time is divided

A

1- the order of what happened
2- years before the present

43
Q

describe inner core

A

solid iron
temp is above melting point but solid due to pressure

44
Q

describe outer core

A

not evenly thick and separated from mantle

45
Q

describe mantle

A

80% of earth’s volume
iron, Mg oxides, & silicates

46
Q

two layers of the earth’s crust

A

lithosphere (outer rocky layers) & asthenosphere (inner plastic layer)

47
Q

describe sedimentary rocks

A

weathered & lithified
clastic sediments are fragments of rocks
chemical sedimentary rocks are dissolved via organisms (limestone)

48
Q

describe metamorphic rocks

A

rocks that change form under heat & pressure
gneiss- dark fragments in unaltered rock

GEOG 1000 (5 decks)

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