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GEOG 1000 > Quiz 5 Study Guide > Flashcards

Quiz 5 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

fluvial

A

stream / river processes

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2
Q

fluvial geomorphology

A

sediment movement through water (shapes the landscape)

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3
Q

erosion

A

wind, water, & abrasion by sediments

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4
Q

Transportation

A

movement of eroded materials

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5
Q

deposition

A

landforms shaped when streams/wind stop eroding/ transporting materials (where transported materials end up)

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6
Q

hydraulic action

A

erosion due only to flowing water

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7
Q

abrasion

A

debris movement, particles grinding out stream bed

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8
Q

3 loads

A

dissolved- dissolved in water
suspended- fine particles suspended in water column due to turbulence
bed- coarse material dragged through stream channel

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9
Q

Competence vs capacity

A

Ability to move particles w/ energy
vs
total possible load of stream transport

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10
Q

4 ways streams move matter

A

solution- dissolved material (dissolved load)
suspension- material held up by flow (suspended load)
saltation- bouncing into flow & dropping out (bed & suspended)
traction- rolling/ sliding along bed (bed load)

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11
Q

S, M, & L grain sizes

A

small- high velocity, strong cohesion: grains don’t enter flow
medium- low velocity, easiest to move, non cohesive
large- high velocity, particles have submerged weight

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12
Q

3 river types made by transported sediment

A

straight- controlled by rock type, rare & short
braided- controlled by load v carrying capacity, high sediment load + velocity, in mountains
meandering- controlled by slope, low land, fine material (outer- max velocity & erosion, inner- min velocity & sediment dep.)

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13
Q

5 pt process of matter movement

A

weathering, mass movement, erosion, transportation, deposition

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14
Q

inputs & outputs of the water system

A

inputs- precipitation
outputs- runoff, evaporation, transpiration

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15
Q

control volume

A

V of land that water flows into, out of, and stores in (watershed)

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16
Q

watershed

A

smaller drainage basins that lead runoff to main basin

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17
Q

Stream networks

A

1st order- no tributaries
2nd- confluence of 2 first order streams
3rd- confluence of 2 second order streams

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18
Q

What are the 6 drainage patterns

A

dendritic (tree), rectangular (right-angle intersections), trellis (right angles to main river), radial/annular (move down sides of heap), parallel (straight streams), deranged (random)

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19
Q

drainage density

A

length of streams / area of watershed (higher in low permeable soil)

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20
Q

river discharge

A

movement of water downslope by gravity (varies on size/shape of watershed, geology, vegetation, precipitation)

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21
Q

base level

A

level below which a stream can’t erode it’s valley (sea level is ultimate)

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22
Q

3 types of streams

A
  1. Intermittent streams: flow weeks-months each year, some groundwater
  2. Ephemeral streams: flow after precipitation, not connected to groundwater
  3. Perennial streams: flow all year, fed by groundwater, rain & snowmelt
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23
Q

3 factors of discharge/ the hydrograph

A

water supply (excess water used by us)
forecasting (flood prediction)
water quality (chemical/ biological reactions)

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24
Q

cryosphere

A

frozen portion of hydrosphere

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25
Q

sea ice

A

ocean water that freezes and melts in the ocean (not icebergs/ glaciers)

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26
Q

ice sheets

A

glacial ice that doesn’t melt in summer, contains freshwater. can alter climate as it produces cold downslope winds

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27
Q

ice shelves

A

permanent floating ice sheets connected to land
formed from glaciers moving into sea
can speed up glacier movement

28
Q

icebergs

A

ice formed on land and float into water
chunks break off glaciers or ice shelves

29
Q

snow cover

A

snow on ground in % of total area
controls heating/cooling
largest part of cryosphere

30
Q

glacier

A

ice on or mostly on land formed long ago
constantly moving downslope
sensitive to temp flux
huge water source
formed from accumulation of snow

31
Q

formation of a glacier

A

year 1- mostly air, not dense
next years- snow compacted, & freeze/thaw, dense
formation: glacial ice formed

32
Q

continental glaciers

A

mass of ice, land is isostatically depressed

33
Q

ice caps

A

mini ice sheets, dome like, polar & sub-polar

34
Q

ice fields

A

elongated pattern over mountain region
(not large enough to make ice cap)
drained by ice streams

35
Q

two types of continental glaciers

A

ice caps & ice fields

36
Q

4 types of alpine glaciers (in mountains)

A

valley glaciers- ice river constrained by valley, erodes landscape
cirque glaciers- formed in snowfield of cirque (bowl)
piedmont glaciers- when glaciers spill out of valley (together at mountain base then spread)
tidewater glaciers- end at ocean, break into sea

37
Q

Permafrost

A

frozen ground (>2yrs), 24% of NH
long term atmospheric CO2 storage

38
Q

accumulation zone

A

snow accumulation on glacier in snowfield

39
Q

firn

A

multi-year snow crystalized into ice

40
Q

firn/ equilibrium line

A

line where snow stays or melts (end of accumulation zone)

41
Q

inputs & outputs of glaciers

A

inputs- snow
outputs- ice, meltwater, water vapor

42
Q

Mass balance, negative net balance, positive net balance

A

inputs & outputs
negative= reducing glacier
positive= growing glacier

43
Q

ablation zone

A

area of glacier melt/ sublimation
“fern line” of lower elevations

44
Q

2 forms of glacier movement

A

internal deformation- most movement in plastic zone beneath rigid top layer which cracks as plastic moves
basal sliding- slow, uneven landscape = pressure variations, regulation = some melt & refreeze

45
Q

ways to measure glacial movement

A

ablation stake
total station survey (measuring glacier elevation)
snow pit
aerial, satellite, & regular photos

46
Q

glacial surge

A

lurching forward of glacier

47
Q

cirque

A

original curved site of small glaciers

48
Q

aretes & horns

A

remnants of backwards erosion (knife edge ridges)

49
Q

Evidence of a previous glacier (4)

A

polished rock
tarns (mountain lakes)
U shaped valleys/ fjords
hanging valleys

50
Q

glacial drift

A

all glacial deposits

51
Q

moraines

A

glacial flow brings rock fragments (deposited when melting) & leaves a till

52
Q

medical moraine

A

ridges that form together as 2 glaciers flow

53
Q

esker

A

streamlined elongated hill from glacial drift

54
Q

drumlin

A

sinuous ridge formed from drift deposits, meltwater stream beneath glacier

55
Q

4 functions of soils

A

crucial to plant growth (ecosystems)
filter water
are a habitat
absorb CO2

56
Q

5 developmental controls of soils

A

parent material- underlying bedrock chemistry
climate- temp & moisture influence erosion
biological activity- vegetation & organisms alter chemistry
relief/ topography- slopes = low soil development, flat ground = deeper soil but waterlog risk
time = mature soil with most nutrients takes time

57
Q

soil profile

A

vertical section of soil from top to bedrock

58
Q

pedon

A

smallest unit of soil characteristics

59
Q

O horizon

A

top of soil, organic material & humus

60
Q

A horizon

A

topsoil with high organic content

61
Q

E horizon

A

coarse sand, water moves through & eluviation (minerals move to lower levels in water)

62
Q

B horizon

A

where dissolved minerals accumulate (illuviation)

63
Q

Solum

A

A, E, B horizons (LVING LAYERS)

64
Q

C horizon

A

weathered bedrock, seldom plants

65
Q

R horizon

A

bedrock, bottom of profile

66
Q

6 properties of soil

A

color- red = iron oxide, black = organics, pale hues = carbonates
texture- coarse sand/ fine clay, never 100% in nature
structure- ped particles
consistence- cohesion of particles (sticky, firm, etc)
porosity- spaces holding air, gas, or water between particles
moisture- field capacity (max water for roots after pore drainage)

GEOG 1000 (5 decks)

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