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Psychophysiology > Weeks 7-8 > Flashcards

Weeks 7-8 Flashcards

1
Q

When did the larynx change location?

A

300,000 years ago

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2
Q

What was a consequence of the change in larynx location?

A

Greater speech sounds, but also greater vulnerability to choking

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3
Q

What side of the brain is language processed on for most people (~95%)?

A

Left side (lateralization)

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4
Q

What part of language processing is the right hemisphere involved in?

A

Narrative speech, map-reading, prosody

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5
Q

How many languages currently exist?

A

6,000 (80% are undocumented, 90% doomed to be extinct in the coming century)

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6
Q

According to National Geographic Society, how often does a language die?

A

Every 14 days

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7
Q

What are the two types of aphasias?

A

Broca’s aphasia
Wernicke’s aphasia

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8
Q

What is a frequent cause of aphasia?

A

Left-sided MCA strokes

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9
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Expressive aphasia, generally aware of deficits, difficulty with speech production but not comprehension

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10
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Receptive aphasia, usually unaware, impaired comprehension (cannot comprehend or integrate, often responds with sort of word salad)

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11
Q

Where is Broca’s area located?

A

Frontal lobe, motor area

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12
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located?

A

Temporal lobe, auditory cortex

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13
Q

What are the 3 stages of learning?

A

Sensory, short-term, long-term

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14
Q

How quickly does sensory information get processed?

A

<1 second

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15
Q

How quickly does short-term memory get processed?

A

<1 minute

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16
Q

How many things can you remember at a time?

A

7 +/- 2

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17
Q

How do you support your short-term memory?

A

Repitition or chunking

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18
Q

What is a form of converting short-term memories into long-term memories?

A

Consolidation

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19
Q

What are the 4 types of learning?

A

Stimulus-response
Motor learning (driving a car)
Perceptual learning
Observational learning

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20
Q

What types of conditioning are involved in stimulus-response learning?

A

Classical and operant (positive/negative reinforcement)

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21
Q

What parts of the brain are involved in classical conditioning (in stimulus-response learning)?

A

Amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus

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22
Q

What pathways/systems in the brain support learning?

A

Mesolimbic and mesocortical systems

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23
Q

In motor learning, what parts of the brain helps move the action from conscious to unconscious?

A

Basal ganglia (motor)

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24
Q

Observational learning occurs via….

A

Operant conditioning and vicarious conditioning

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25
Q

What are some examples of perceptual learning?

A

Attribution bias and confirmation bias (we’ve learned through repeated exposure)

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26
Q

Where are mirror neurons concentrated?

A

PFC and around the amygdala

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27
Q

What makes us more likely to model the behaviors we see?

A

Positive perception, shared (perceived) traits, stand out, familiarity, self-efficacy in mimicry

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28
Q

What are mirror neurons thought to enable?

A

Empathy
Skill building through mimicry
Vicarious experiences
(essential for social interaction, lower number in psychopathy and ASD)

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29
Q

Evidence exists for what types of learning?

A

Spaced learning, interleaving, writing rather than typing, studying in natural light, power naps, context-dependent learning

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30
Q

What are the 2 types of memory within long-term memory?

A

Implicit and explicit

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31
Q

What is a type of implicit memory?

A

Procedural memory

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32
Q

Explicit memory is made up of…

A

Declarative memory which is broken up into episodic memory and semantic memory

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33
Q

Describe the case of HM

A

Removed hippocampus and amygdala due to severe epilepsy; removal reduced seizures and increased IQ score slightly but had severe amnesia, no memory from the past, could learn new things but each day he would say “Today I woke for the first time” (implicit preserved, explicit was not)

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34
Q

Difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia?

A

Anterograde = impaired capacity for new learning, failure in explicit learning
Retrograde = loss of information that was acquired before the onset, failure of implicit memory

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35
Q

Which conditions show hippocampal volume loss?

A

Alzheimer’s disease, depression, childhood stress, ETOH, PTSD, Borderline Personality Disorder

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36
Q

When does long-term memory peak?

A

Age 8

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37
Q

Is storage of memory permanent?

A

Every time you retrieve a memory, there is some adaptation plus with heightened emotions, memories are often altered

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38
Q

Names for strokes (2)

A

Infarcts (tissue death due to stroke)
Cardiovascular accident (CVA)

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39
Q

Risk factors for CVDs

A

Hypertension
Diabetes
Smoking
Obstructive sleep apnea
Obesity

40
Q

What are the 3 types of stroke?

A

Ischemic
Hemorrhagic
Transient ischemic stroke (TIA)

41
Q

What is the cause of cell death in ischemic stroke?

A

Excessive amounts of glutamate (glutamate exotoxicity)

42
Q

What are the two possible causes of an ischemic stroke?

A

thrombus (blood clot) or embolus (piece of material breaks off and is carried through the bloodstream until it reaches an artery too small to pass)

43
Q

What are the non-modifiable stroke risk factors?

A

Age
Race
Family history

44
Q

What is the system that provides over 80% of oxygenated blood to the cerebrum?

A

Circle of Willis

45
Q

What are the 3 main vessels that the internal carotid artery perfuses?

A

Anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
Middle cerebral artery (MCA)
Posterior cerebral artery (PCA)

46
Q

MCA stroke make up how many (%) of strokes?

A

90%

47
Q

Deficits of ACA versus MCA strokes

A

ACA strokes affect lower extremities (contralateral) whereas MCA strokes affect upper extremities and face (contralateral)

48
Q

What do PCA strokes affect?

A

Consciousness
Nausea
Ataxia
Vision changes

49
Q

What are AVMS?

A

Arteriovenous malformations–another way to develop a stroke (1-2% of strokes)

50
Q

Psychiatric considerations for stroke

A

Depression, GAD, SOME psychosis (rare)

51
Q

BE FAST

A

Balance, eyes, face, arms, speech, time

52
Q

What is the breakdown of cellular fluid?

A

2/3 intracellular, 1/3 extracellular

53
Q

What are the 2 types of extracellular fluid?

A

Intravascular (blood plasma)
Interstitial (fluid that bathes the cells)

54
Q

What is tonicity?

A

the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water via osmosis (relationship between interstitial and intercellular)

55
Q

What is hypertonic?

A

When you’re “hyper” you are putting a lot of energy out there–water is moving OUT of the cell

56
Q

What are the 2 types of thirst?

A

Osmometric thirst (cell dehydration)
Volumetric thirst (intravascular blood plasma volume decreases)

57
Q

What is responsible for osometric thirst control?

A

Osmoreceptors

58
Q

Where are osmoreceptors located?

A

Lamina terminalis

59
Q

What are osmoreceptors?

A

a neuron that detects changes in solute concentration of interstitial fluid

60
Q

What part of the brain is activated by thirst?

A

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

61
Q

What is part of the natural process of dying?

A

Cell dehydration

62
Q

What is the delay in the negative feedback loop of satiety?

A

20 minutes

63
Q

What is the hormone released that stimulates eating behaviors/hunger?

A

Ghrelin

64
Q

What is caused by excessive levels of ghrelin?

A

Prader-Willi Syndrome (genetic disorder where they never feel satiated)

65
Q

What are the 2 parts of the hypothalamus activated by ghrelin?

A

Lateral hypothalamus
Ventromedial hypothalamus

66
Q

Ghrelin and cortisol levels

A

High Ghrelin increases cortisol
Low Ghrelin decreases cortisol leading to reduced stress/anxiety (mechanism behind stress eating)

67
Q

What type of neurons does ghrelin activate?

A

Orexin producing neurons

68
Q

How is obesity defined?

A

BMI >30

69
Q

What brain pattern is bulimia nervosa associated with?

A

Decreased blood flow to the precuneus

70
Q

What is the overlap between brain injury and PTSD?

A

Inflammation

71
Q

What are microbes?

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi
Protists
Viruses
Phages
Microscopic animals

72
Q

Alpha versus beta diversity?

A

Alpha = how many species are present in a single individual (and how evenly they are represented)
Beta = difference in diversity BETWEEN two samples

73
Q

Urban living leads to ____ diversity in microbes/microbiome

A

Less

74
Q

What is the “old friends” hypothesis

A

Increases in chronic inflammatory disorders in high-income countries is thought to be failing immunoregulation, attributable to reduced exposure to the microbial environment within which the mammalian immune system co-evolved

75
Q

What is the nerve responsible for gut/brain direct line of communication?

A

Vagus nerve

76
Q

What is the leading cause of disability in adults?

A

Stroke

77
Q

What is the basic definition of stroke?

A

Interruption of normal blood flow to the brain

78
Q

Why do people lose consciousness with subarachnoid hemorrhages?

A

“percussive” blood pressure impact of the hemorrhage increases and intracranial pressure and reduces cerebral perfusion pressure

79
Q

What is the Hunt-Hess and Fisher scale?

A

Comatose grading and what it means in terms of outcomes

80
Q

Grade I versus grade V on Hunt and Hess scale

A

Grade I = asymptomatic or minimal headache and slight nuchal rigidity
Grade V = deep coma, decerebrate rigidity, moribund appearance

81
Q

Symptoms of MCA syndrome?

A

Contralateral weakness
Contralateral cortical sensory loss
Homonymous hemianopsia or quadrantanopsia
Gaze preference
Dysphagia

82
Q

What is neglect?

A

Failure to attend to, respond to, and/or report stimulation that is introduced contralateral to the lesion

83
Q

What is a negative functional outcome predictor in stroke cases?

A

Persistent neglect

84
Q

Apraxia

A

Loss of ability to execute skilled or learned movement patterns on command

85
Q

Agnosia

A

Acquired inability to associate a perceived unimodal stimulus (i.e., visual, auditory, tactile) with meaning, disorder of recognition (NOT naming)

86
Q

What are the two types of TBI?

A

Closed and penetrating

87
Q

What are two parts of a closed TBI?

A

Coup contrecoup
Diffuse axonal injury

88
Q

What is a part of the recovery process of TBI?

A

post-traumatic amnesia (PTA)

89
Q

What kind of curve/relationship does TBI recovery show?

A

Dose response relationship

90
Q

What are some non-injury risk factors that influence TBI outcomes?

A

Pre-injury psychiatric status
Age at injury
Level of educaiton
Stable employment (6months pre-injury)
Marital status (proxy for social support)
Other physical injuries sustained during accident

91
Q

What are 2 classification systems for TBI?

A

Glasgow coma scale (GCS)
Rancho Los Amigos Scale Revised (RLAS-R)

92
Q

What does GCS look at/assess?

A

Eye response, motor response, verbal response

93
Q

What does the Rancho Los Amigos Scale Revised assess?

A

How much assistance the individual requires and how they are responding behaviorally (level of agitation)

94
Q

What is level 4 on the Rancho Los Amigos Scale Revised?

A

Confused/agitated (needing maximal assistance)

95
Q

How long does it take for cognitive changes to resolve after mild TBI?

A

Weeks to 3 months (at most)

96
Q

How long do changes persist after moderate-severe TBI?

A

> 2years

Psychophysiology (4 decks)

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