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Psychophysiology > Weeks 1-3 > Flashcards

Weeks 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychophysiology? (4 elements)

A

Relationship between physiological signals recorded from the body and brain to mental processes and disorders

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2
Q

What is the goal of psychophysiology?

A

To identify and describe the physiological processes directly relevant to such psychological constructs as drive, motivation, attitude, emotion, and their modification by learning

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3
Q

Neuraxis

A

Imaginary line drawn through the base of the spinal cord to the front of the brain

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4
Q

Cephalic flexure

A

The name of the curve between the brainstem and the forebrain

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5
Q

Overall function of the nervous system

A

Helps all parts of the body communicate with each other through chemical or electrical signals; takes in information through out senses, processes the information, and triggers reactions

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6
Q

5 functions of the CNS

A

Homeostasis
Interpreting sensory information
Creating motor responses
Learning
Thinking

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7
Q

Main function of the peripheral nervous system

A

Relay between the CNS and the rest of the body

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8
Q

3 layers of protection for the brain

A

Cranium/skull
Meninges
CSF

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9
Q

3 parts of the meninges

A

pia mater, arachnoid membrane, dura mater

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10
Q

Where is CSF created?

A

Choroid plexus (ependymal cells)

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11
Q

Where does CSF leave the ventricular system?

A

4th ventricle

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12
Q

Apoptosis versus necrosis

A

Apoptosis = PLANNED (removal of damaged/unneeded neurons)
Necrosis = not planned cell death

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13
Q

3 parts/divisions of the brain

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

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14
Q

Largest division of the brain?

A

Forebrain/telencephalon

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15
Q

Lobes of the telencephalon and functions of the lobes

A

Frontal (planning, executive functions)
Temporal (tempo, auditory processing)
Parietal (pokey, sensory)
Occipital (sight)

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16
Q

What does the nervous system develop from?

A

Neural tube

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17
Q

Sulci versus fissures versus gyri

A

Sulci = small grooves
Fissures = large grooves
Gyri = bulges
(All increase surface area of the brain)

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18
Q

What is the central sulcus?

A

Boundary between the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe

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19
Q

What are the cerebral peduncles?

A

two ventral bulges that contain pyramidal motor tracts (attach the cerebrum to the brainstem)

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20
Q

Why is gray matter gray?

A

Made up of mostly cell bodies

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21
Q

Function of the midbrain

A

Motor movement, pathway between the spinal cord, cerebellum, and forebrain

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22
Q

Parts of the telencephalon

A

Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Hippocampus
Amygdala

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23
Q

Parts of the diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

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24
Q

What is the diencephalon the connection between?

A

Forebrain and midbrain

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25
Q

What system straddles the telencephalon and diencephalon?

A

The limbic system

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26
Q

Function of the basal ganglia

A

Motor control/learning, executive functions and behaviors, emotions

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27
Q

Parts of the midbrain

A

Mesencephalon (tectum and tegmentum)

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28
Q

Parts of the tectum

A

Inferior and superior colliculi

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29
Q

Parts of the tegmentum

A

periaqueductal gray, raphe nucleus, substantia nigra

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30
Q

Parts of the hindbrain

A

Metencephalon and myencephalon

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31
Q

Parts of the metencephalon

A

Pons and cerebellum

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32
Q

Function of the pons

A

Bridge between the cerebrum and cerebellum

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33
Q

Parts of the myencephelon

A

Medulla oblongata

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34
Q

Function of the medulla

A

reflexes, cardiac function, respiration, vasodilation

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35
Q

Where does the reticular formation reside?

A

Midbrain (tegmentum)

36
Q

Function of the reticular formation

A

Supports wakefulness/alertness and filters incoming information (security guard)

37
Q

Homonculus

A

a model that reflects the amount of brain tissue devoted to the sensory or motor nerves in that area and the information in a specific area

38
Q

3 types of somatic nervous system neurons

A

Sensory, motor, interneurons

39
Q

Afferent versus efferent axons

A

Afferent neurons carry information from sensory receptors to the CNS whereas efferent neurons carry motor information away from the CNS to the muscles and glands of the body (afferent = affinity/towards, efferent = exit)

Afferent = sensory (out to in)

Efferent = motor (in to out)

40
Q

Dermatome versus myotome

A

Spinal nerve bundles, dermatome is sensory (skin), myotome is motor (muscle)

41
Q

Function of the vagus nerve

A

Longest cranial nerve, regulates the functions of organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities

42
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

43
Q

2 parts of peripheral nervous system

A

Somatic and autonomic nervous systems

44
Q

2 parts of the autonomic nervous sytem

A

Parasympathetic (peace) and sympathetic (fight, flight, freeze)

45
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

Bunch of nerves at the bottom of the spine (horses tail)

46
Q

Most common type of neuron

A

Multipolar

47
Q

4 main parts of a neuron

A

Cell body
Dendrites
Axon
Terminal buttons
(Myelin sheath)
(Nodes of Ranvier)

48
Q

3 types of glial cells

A

Microglia
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes

49
Q

Which glial cell creates myelin?

A

Oligodencrocytes

50
Q

Supporting cells of the PNS

A

Schwann cells

51
Q

What kind of membrane is the BBB?

A

Selectively permeable

52
Q

What is the weakest area of the BBB?

A

Area postrema

53
Q

What does the BBB let through?

A

Water, lipid soluble molecules, specialized sugars/amino acids

54
Q

How do neurons communicate?

A

Action potentials

55
Q

What are action potentials caused by?

A

Ion movements within the cell

56
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

-70mV

57
Q

Threshold of excitation

A

-55mV

58
Q

A neuron at rest has a high concentration of…

A

Outside = sodium, calcium and chloride
Inside = potassium and anions

59
Q

3 ways molecules move

A

Diffusion
Electrostatic pressure
Sodium-potassium ion pump

60
Q

“All or none law” of action potentials

A

You don’t get bigger action potentials, you just get more

61
Q

“Rate law” of action potentials

A

The strength of the action potential is based on the rate of firing, not the size (amplitude stays consistent)

62
Q

Types of postsynaptic potentials

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) (depolarizing)

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) (hyperpolarizing)

63
Q

Parts of the synapse

A

Presynaptic neuron
Synaptic cleft
Postsynaptic neuron

64
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms to terminate postsynaptic potentials?

A

Reuptake and enzymatic deactivation/degradation

65
Q

What is the corticospinal tract?

A

A descending motor pathway in charge of voluntary muscle control/motor movements

66
Q

Where is the point of decussation in the corticospinal tract?

A

Pyramids of the medulla

67
Q

What is the spinothalamic tract?

A

Primary somatosensory tract

68
Q

What are the 2 major aspects of drug influences?

A

Drug effects (observable changes) and sites of action (binding sites)

69
Q

Pharmacokinetics versus pharmacodynamics

A

Movement of drugs through the body versus body’s biological response to the drug

70
Q

4 aspects of pharmacokinetics

A

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

71
Q

9 forms of drug administration

A

intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intracerebral, oral, intrarectal, inhalation, topical

72
Q

Inhalation versus insufflation

A

into the lungs versus the mucosal membrane of the nose (cocaine)

73
Q

What is the dose response curve?

A

Determines the point of maximum effect of a drug

74
Q

What is the effectiveness of a drug impacted by?

A

Site of action
Affinity

75
Q

What is the margin of safety?

A

The difference between therapeutic/desired effect of a drug and undesired effect

76
Q

Commonly used margin of safety

A

Therapeutic index

77
Q

What are the two numbers used to calculate the therapeutic index?

A

Effective dose 50 (ED50) and toxic dose 50 (TD50)

78
Q

What is an ideal therapeutic index?

A

Larger than 10

79
Q

What are neuromodulators?

A

Neurochemicals that affect the neurotransmission of a WHOLE GROUP of neurons

80
Q

2 categories of drugs

A

Agonists
Antagonists

81
Q

What is a direct agonist versus a direct antagonist?

A

Direct agonist mimics the neurotransmitter and binds with and activates the same receptor whereas a direct antagonist binds and BLOCKS the receptor from being activated (sits on receptor and prevents ion channels from opening)

82
Q

Amino acid neurotransmitters

A

Glutamate, GABA, glycine

83
Q

What are the main amino acid neurotransmitters of the CNS?

A

Glutamate and GABA

84
Q

What are the main amino acid neurotransmitters of the PNS?

A

Glutamate and glycine

85
Q

4 main glutamate receptors

A

NMDA, AMPA, Kainate, Metabotropic Glutamate

86
Q

3 catecholamine neurotransmitters

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

87
Q

What is the precursor to serotonin?

A

Tryptophan

Psychophysiology (4 decks)

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