Week 9 Flashcards
What are the 2 types of tumors?
Benign and malignant
Why are benign tumors benign?
They are encapsulated
How do tumors damage the brain? (2 ways)
Compression and infiltration
Explain primary versus secondary CNS tumors
Primary tumors start in the CNS and secondary tumors metastasize to the brain
What are the most common strains of cancer to cause secondary brain tumors?
Lung and breast cancer
What is the most severe form of tumor grading?
Grade 4
What are the most common primary brain tumors?
Gliomas (which include astrocytomas and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)) and meningiomas
What are the treatments for tumors?
Surgical resection (partial and full), radiation, chemotherapy
Definition of seizures
A period of sudden, excessive activity of cerebral neurons (dysfunction in electric neurons)
What are the 2 types of seizures?
Partial/focal and generalized
What are the types of partial/focal seizures?
Simple partial
Complex partial
What are the types of generalized seizures?
Tonic-clonic (grand-mal)
Absence (petit-mal)
Atonic (drop seizure)
What are the phases of a tonic-clonic seizure?
Aura stage, tonic stage, clonic stage, postictal stage
What makes up the ictal stage?
Tonic and clonic stages
What are the most common mental health issues resulting from epilepsy?
ADHD, anxiety, and aggression
What is a prion disease?
Occurs when prion protein, found throughout the body, begins folding into an abnormal three-dimensional shape
Types of prion diseases?
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Kuru disease
What is the definition for Parkinson’s disease?
Caused by the degeneration of dopamine-secreting neurons in the substantia nigra that send axon to the basal ganglia; a deficiency of automatic, habitual, controlled motor responses
Symptoms of Parkinson’s
Dystonia
Bradykinesia
Shuffling gait
Face masking
Tremors (pill rolling tremor)
Definition for Huntington’s Disease
Inherited disease resulting in degeneration of the basal ganglia
Typical age of onset of HD
30-50 years old
How many CAG repetitions have to occur for HD to occur?
36+
What is the definition for ALS?
Degenerative disorder that attacks spinal cord and cranial nerve motor neurons (brain and brainstem) leads to brain and muscle connection loss
Symptoms of ALS?
Progressive weakness and muscular atrophy
Eye movements are spared
Eventual loss of speech and swallow with paralysis
What is the breakdown of sporadic versus inherited cases of ALS?
90% sporadic and 10% inherited
Typical age of onset of ALS
Late 50’s
Definition of multiple sclerosis
Autoimmune demyelinating disease; at scattered locations within the CNS, the person’s immune system attacks myelin sheaths, leaving behind hard patches of debris called sclerotic plaques
Typical age of onset of MS
20’s to 30’s
Risk factors for MS
More common in females than males
Living far from the equator
Black or white race
Smoking
What are the 4 types of MS?
Relapsing-remitting (RRMS)
Secondary progressive (SPMS)
Primary progressive (PPMS) - symptoms start and just continue to progress
Progressive-relapsing (PRMS)
What are causes of meningitis?
Virus
Bacteria
Fungus
Parasite
What is the etiology of meningitis?
Spread of middle-ear infection to the brain
Head injury
Embolus from the heart that dislodges from bacterial infection
IV drug use increases risk
Definition of dementia
An umbrella term for loss of memory and other thinking ability severe enough to interfere with daily life
Types of dementia
Alzheimer’s disease
Vascular dementia
Demential with Lewy Body disease
Fronto-temporal dementia
What are the 3 types of fronto-temporal dementia?
Behavioral variant
Primary progressive aphasia
Movement disorders
What are risk factors for schizophrenia?
Older paternal age
Atypical prenatal development (influenza, prematurity, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes)
Poor social adjustment and academic performance
Deficient psychomotor functioning (developmental milestones)
Physical abnormalities of those with schizophrenia?
High-steepled palate
Partial webbing of two middle toes
Especially wide or narrow-set eyes
What are some antipsychotic side effects?
Tardive dyskinesia
Akathisia
Pseudo-Parkinsonism
Acute dystonia
