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Psychophysiology > Weeks 4-5 > Flashcards

Weeks 4-5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the reward system made up of?

A

Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
Nucleus accumbens
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Prefrontal cortex (PFC)

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2
Q

What regions of the reward system do substances affect?

A

Basal ganglia
Amygdala
Prefrontal cortex

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3
Q

What are the two primary reward pathways in the body?

A

Mesocortical dopamine pathway
Mesolimbic dopamine pathway

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4
Q

Describe the mesocortical pathway

A

Starts in the VTA, travels to the nucleus accumbens and then to the PFC (skips the limbic system)

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5
Q

Describe the mesolimbic pathway

A

Starts in the VTA, travels to the nucleus accumbens, and then spreads into the limbic system (hippocampus and amygdala)

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6
Q

What is the main difference between the mesocortical and mesolimbic pathways?

A

Mesocortical is more about behavior while mesolimbic is more about emotions/learning (hippocampus)

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7
Q

What hormone does stress increase the release of?

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

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8
Q

What does stress do to the reward system?

A

Strengthens the amygdala and weakens the hippocampus and PFC

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9
Q

Hypofrontality

A

Decrease in PFC activity (often due to atrophy from substance use; common in schizophrenia)

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10
Q

What are control orientations?

A

Ways to manage stress (primary or secondary)

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11
Q

What are peptides?

A

2 or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds, widely distributed in CNS and PNS

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12
Q

What are the most common endogenous peptides?

A

Enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins

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13
Q

What are the functions of endogenous peptides?

A

Mediate the reward and reinforcement properties

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14
Q

How does substance use interplay with endogenous peptides?

A

Drugs are exogenous peptides which increase endorphins and enkephalins resulting in a dopamine surge

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15
Q

Where is alcohol metabolized

A

Liver (hepatic)

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16
Q

What are the neural effects of alcohol?

A

CNS depressant, indirect GABAa receptor agonist which results in sedation

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17
Q

Where do we see the most alcohol use? (among whom)

A

The ends of the SES spectrum

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18
Q

What are neuropsychiatric conditions that can result from drinking?

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency)
Korsakoff psychosis (thiamine deficiency)
Alcoholic neuropathy
Alcoholic cerebellar damage
Alcoholic myopathy
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
Fetal alcohol syndrome disorders

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19
Q

Describe Wernicke’s encephalopathy and Korsakoff psychosis and how they are related?

A

Both due to thiamine deficiency, Wernicke’s encephalopathy is the acute phase (still treatable) whereas Korsakoff psychosis is chronic and untreatable

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20
Q

What are fetal alcohol syndrome disorders?

A

FASD is an umbrella term for a range of physical, cognitive, and behavioral disorders caused by prenatal alcohol exposure.

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21
Q

What do stimulants affect?

A

Epinephrin, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin

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22
Q

What do stimulants create/cause?

A

Alertness, attention, energy

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23
Q

People with ADHD show a ___ reduction in symptoms using stimulants.

A

80%

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24
Q

How is nicotine absorbed?

A

Through blood stream via the lungs if you are inhaling but when using smokeless tobacco, it is absorbed through the mucosal membranes of the mouth, nose, and skin

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25
Q

How fast does nicotine reach the brain?

A

7 seconds

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26
Q

What neurotransmitter does nicotine mimic?

A

Acetylcholine

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27
Q

How is nicotine metabolized and excreted?

A

Liver, lungs, kidneys and excreted through the urine

28
Q

What makes up the endocannabinoid system?

A

Neuromodulation system made up of CB1 and CB2 receptors

29
Q

How is cannabis metabolized?

A

Liver

30
Q

What does THC mimic?

A

Anandamide

31
Q

What does anandamine effect?

A

Energy, mood, appetite, perception of time

32
Q

Effects of THC

A

Decreases GABA and increases glutamate which leads to an increase in dopamine

33
Q

What are the 2 categories of hallucinogens?

A

Classic and dissociative

34
Q

High sugar diets lead to a decrease in what?

A

Brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF) which modulates growth, development, and communication between synapses

35
Q

What system does technology/gaming affect?

A

Mesolimbic pathway

36
Q

What are the 3 theories of feeling emotions?

A

James-Lange theory
Cannon-Bard theory
Schachter-Singer theory

37
Q

What is the core processor of fear?

A

Amygdala

38
Q

What other limbic systems does the amygdala interact with?

A

Hippocampus (long-term memories)
Hypothalamus (sympathetic nervous response, fight or flight)
Thalamus (unconscious fear processing; classical conditioning and unconditioned fear response)

39
Q

3 internal nuclei of the amygdala

A

Lateral nucleus
Central nucleus
Basal nucleus

40
Q

What is the role of the lateral nucleus?

A

Sensory input gateway

41
Q

What is the role of the central nucleus?

A

Key role in emotional response to aversive stimuli (stress)

42
Q

What is the role of the basal nucleus?

A

Major output pathways to the cerebral cortex (projects to the VMPFC)

43
Q

Disorders of the amygdala

A

Kluver-Bucy syndrome (acquired–herpes, tumor, stroke, TBI)
Urbach-Weithe Disease (genetic)

44
Q

What modulates aggression?

A

Serotonin inhibits aggression and risky behavior

45
Q

What is the VMPFC the interface between?

A

Emotional responses and control of complex behaviors

46
Q

VMPFC and the train ethics test

A

Those with VMPFC lesions don’t care with the train test whether they push someone onto the tracks or pushes a button to divert the train to one person because the outcome is the same (moral judgement is effected)

47
Q

Effects of love

A

Increases in caudate nucleus
Increase in Ventral Tegmental Area (which increases hyperfocus)
Increases in cortisol and adrenaline (increases in HR, sweating, anxiety, nervousness)
Decrease in PFC activation (love is blind)

48
Q

Which side of our face are we more expressive on?

A

Left side

49
Q

What are the 5 stages of sleep?

A

Wakefulness
NREM stage 1
NREM stage 2
NREM stage 3
REM

50
Q

How long is a full sleep cycle?

A

90 minutes

51
Q

What are the chemicals involved in sleep?

A

Adenosine
Histamines
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Orexin
Melatonin

52
Q

What is adenosine a byproduct of?

A

ATP

53
Q

How does caffeine work?

A

Blocks adenosine receptors

54
Q

During what stage is serotonin low?

A

REM (limits movement)

55
Q

What are the sleep disorders?

A

Insomnia
Sleep apnea (obstructive versus central)
Narcolepsy
REM sleep behavior disorders
Maladaptive slow-wave sleep behaviors in children

56
Q

What are the parts of narcolepsy?

A

Sleep attacks, cataplexy, sleep paralysis

57
Q

What are the maladaptive slow wave sleep behaviors in children?

A

Night terrors, sleep walking, bed wetting

58
Q

What are the waves associated with each sleep stage?

A

Wakefulness = alpha and beta
Stage 1 = theta
Stage 2 = sleep spindles and K complexes
Stage 3 = delta
REM = theta and beta

59
Q

What sleep stage is involved in the consolidation of declarative memories?

A

Stage 3 (slow-wave deep sleep)

60
Q

What sleep stage is involved in the consolidation of non-declarative memories?

A

REM sleep

61
Q

Where is melatonin created/produced?

A

Pineal gland

62
Q

What is the waste clearance system of the brain? (immune system of the brain)

A

Glymphatic system

63
Q

What are the main functions of sleep?

A

Waste clearance and memory consolidation

64
Q

What does sleep deprivation lead to?

A

Decreased glycogen stores and an increase in adenosine which results in sleepiness

65
Q

What are the parts of an emotional response?

A

Behavioral, autonomic, hormonal

66
Q

Where do we modulate expression?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

67
Q

What neurotransmitter inhibits aggression?

A

Serotonin

Psychophysiology (4 decks)

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