Weeks 5-7 - Social Psychology

Question 1

Characteristics that are attributed to people based on their membership of specific groups

Answer 1

Stereotypes

Question 2

Involves judging people based on stereotypes which can be either positive or negative

Answer 2

Prejudice

Question 3

Psychological test used to understand personal biases

Answer 3

Implicit associations test

Question 4

Elicited by anger, a person lashes out, impulsive aggression

Answer 4

Hostile aggression

Question 5

Children watched a video of a women acting violent towards a Bobo doll, and then children mimicked this behaviour. Shows how aggression can be modelled.

Answer 5

Bandura’s experiment

Question 6

Emotional, intense feeling, physiological arousal.

Answer 6

Passionate love

Question 7

An element of attraction where people gain rewards from a relationship (e.g. tangible rewards such as money, or intangible such as self-esteem)

Answer 7

Interpersonal rewards

Question 8

An element of attraction where being near someone regularly increases likeness (unless initially having a strong aversion to the person).

Answer 8

Proximity

Question 9

Three parts of the self

Answer 9

Public self (Interpersonal self)
Self-concept (Self-knowledge)
Executive Functioning (Agent self)

Question 10

The strategy where people attempt to control what impressions others form of them

Answer 10

Self-presentation

Question 11

A process where people set themselves up to fail when success is uncertain in an attempt to maintain their self-esteem

Answer 11

Self-handicapping

Question 12

Refers to the way most people respond. If all students in Psychology 1B don’t enjoy one of the activities this could be attributed to the situation (the activity)

Answer 12

Consensus

Question 13

People typically see themselves in a more positive way than others see them

Answer 13

Self-serving bias

Question 14

An association between an act or object and an evaluation

Answer 14

Attitude

Question 15

An aspect of persuasion that refers to the person giving the message. People tend to be more persuasive when they are credible, attractive, likeable and powerful.

Answer 15

Source

Question 16

A route of persuasion that involves the person receiving the message to think carefully and weigh up the arguments in the message

Answer 16

Central route

Question 17

__________ refers to behaviours people perform that have no apparent gain to themselves.

Answer 17

Altruism

Question 18

Theory that natural selection favors animals that behave in an altruistic way if the likely benefit to each individual exceeds the likely cost over time

Answer 18

Reciprocal altruism

Question 19

Also known as the electric shock experiment, where participants thought they were giving an electric shock to people when they got an answer wrong. This experiment relates to Obedience.

Answer 19

The Milgram Experiment

Question 20

A study that highlighted conformity, as participants would say the wrong answer if all other members of the group said the wrong answer

Answer 20

Asch Study

Question 21

Also known as the Stanford Prison Experiment. A mock prison was developed to investigate conformity, obedience, and roles.

Answer 21

Zimbardo Experiment

Question 22

_________________ is when people feel less responsible to act because others have an equal responsibility to act.

Answer 22

Diffusion of Responsibility

Question 23

A technique of social influence where you start with a bigger request expecting it to be denied and then move to a smaller request. For example, a teenager wants to stay out until midnight, they ask their dad if they can stay out until 2pm and he says no. Then ask if they can stay until midnight and he says yes.

Answer 23

Door-in-the-face technique

Question 24

A technique of social influence where something is broken up into smaller elements to make it look more favorable. For example, Afterpay where you can purchase a pair of shoes for just $10 per week for 10 weeks, which sounds better than $100

Answer 24

Legitimization-of-paltry-favors technique

Question 25

Behaving in a way that helps another person with no apparent gain, or with potential cost, to oneself is called:
a. egocentricity.
b. self-sacrifice.
c. nepotism.
d. altruism.

Answer 25

d. altruism

Question 26

You and a friend are watching a game of cricket. The batter misses. You believe this is because the sun is setting and probably cast a glare in his eyes. Your friend believes this is because the batter lacks talent. You made a(n) __________ attribution and your friend made a(n) ____________ attribution.

Answer 26

external; internal

Question 27

Jack believes all women are illogical and should not be allowed in the workplace. His beliefs about women are examples of:

Answer 27

prejudice

Question 28

Whereas ______________ aggression is often elicited by anger, ______________ is considered to be calm and pragmatic.

Answer 28

hostile; instrumental

Question 29

After hearing a story of how a man was forced to steal food because his children were starving, Terri says that he was stupid, irresponsible, and probably dishonest anyway. Terri’s comments reflect:

Answer 29

a fundamental attribution error

Question 30

Inducing the recipient of a message to think carefully and weigh the arguments is which route of persuasion?

Answer 30

Central route

Question 31

Aggresion refers to:

a. verbal or physical behaviour aimed at harming another being
b. forceful behaviour designed to convey one’s meaning clearly
c. a leadership style in which the leader makes all the decisions
d. behaviour that tends to hate those who are different or downtrodden

Answer 31

a. verbal or physical behaviour aimed at harming another being

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a component of an attitude?

a. Cognitive belief
b. Emotional
c. Association
d. Behavioural disposition

Answer 32

c. Association

Question 33

The deliberate efforts to change an attitude are referred to as:
a. coercion
b. attitude adjustment
c. persuasion
d. influence

Answer 33

c. persuasion

Question 34

Behaving in a way that helps another person with no apparent gain, or with potential cost, to oneself is called:
a. nepotism.
b. self-sacrifice.
c. egocentricity.
d. altruism.

Answer 34

d. altruism

Question 35

When trying to understand the behaviour of others, people sometimes make _____________ attributions, based on the situation, whereas other times they make _____________ attributions, based on the person.

Answer 35

external; internal

Question 36

A tendency to evaluate a person, concept, or group, positively or negatively, is called a/an:

a. behavioural disposition.
b. attitude.
c. cognitive complexity.
d. evaluative disposition.

Answer 36

b. attitude

Question 37

The tendency to attribute other people’s behaviour to internal states rather than external situations.

Answer 37

fundamental attribution error.

Question 38

Researchers have identified two routes through which people can be persuaded, one of which involves inducing the recipient of a message to think carefully and weigh the arguments. This is the:

a. peripheral route.
b. central route.
c. affective route.
d. cognitive route.

Answer 38

b. central route

Question 39

The 1960s experiment by Stanley Milgram, which involved “shocking” a learner when the learner got something incorrect, revealed that:

a. empathic distress is a more powerful factor than previously believed.
b. some people are naturally sadistic and look for opportunities to express it.
c. obedience to authority is more powerful than one’s conscience.
d. empathic distress can override obedience.

Answer 39

c. obedience to authority is more powerful than one’s conscience.

Question 40

When a person’s behaviours and attitudes are not consistent, this is referred to as what?

Answer 40

cognitive dissonance

Question 41

People’s view of how they actually are

Answer 41

Actual self

Question 42

In attribution theory, the extent to which a person always responds in the same way to the same stimulus

Answer 42

Consistency

Question 43

A general category of emotions related to feeling bad

Answer 43

negative self

Question 44

An organised pattern of thought and perception about oneself

Answer 44

Self-concept

Question 45

the psychological tendency of individuals to maintain internal coherence and consistency in their thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors over time

Answer 45

self-consistency

Question 46

The degree to which a person likes, respects or esteems the self

Answer 46

Self-esteem

Question 47

A process by which people set themselves up to fail when success is uncertain to preserve their self-esteem

Answer 47

Self-handicapping

Question 48

The ability to adapt behavior according to social situations and cues.

Answer 48

Self-monitoring

Question 49

The process by which people attempt to control the impressions that others form of them

Answer 49

Self-presentation

Question 50

Instances in which our desires to influence the impressions other people form of us fail (like tripping over)

Answer 50

Self-presentation predicaments

Question 50

A schema about the self that guides the way we think about and remember information relevant to ourselves

Answer 50

Self-schema

Question 51

The process by which people make sense of others, themselves, social interactions and relationships.

Answer 51

Social cognition

Question 52

If there is a good explanation for an effect, people will disregard other possible factors as irrelevant. This is known as…

Answer 52

Discounting

Question 53

When a behavior or action by an individual is judged by another to be common or unusual

Answer 53

Distinctiveness

Question 54

If there is a good explanation for a failure, then to explain success, people require an especially strong explanatory factor to compensate for said failure. For example, when an under qualified candidate gets offered the job. This is known as…

Answer 54

Augmentation

Question 55

The way individuals interpret and explain the causes of events, behaviors, and outcomes.

Answer 55

Attribution style

Question 56

The process of inferring the causes of events or behaviours

Answer 56

Attribution

Question 57

A psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them.

Answer 57

Mere-exposure effect

Question 58

When attitudes can become more extreme through reflecting upon them. This can lead to confirmation bias

Answer 58

Polarisation

Question 59

Unconscious and automatic evaluations

Answer 59

Implicit attitudes

Question 60

Conscious attitudes

Answer 60

Explicit attitudes

Question 61

A test that measures attitudes that people are unwilling to express openly

Answer 61

Implicit Attitudes Test

Question 62

The extent to which an attitude is internally consistent

Answer 62

Attitudinal coherence

Question 63

____________ attitudes are more predictive of behaviour than __________ attitudes.

Answer 63

stronger, weaker

Question 64

Building up the receivers’ ‘resistance’ to a persuasive message by presenting weak arguments for it, such as a salesperson talking about a competitor

Answer 64

attitude inoculation

Question 65

The idea that there are no true acts of altruism because altruistic acts are all performed to make the altruist feel good is known as ___________.

Answer 65

ethical hedonism

Question 66

The evolutionary idea that natural selection favours animals that behave altruistically if the likely benefit to each individual over time exceeds the likely cost.

Answer 66

reciprocal altruism

Question 67

Conformity is [higher/lower] in collectivist cultures compared to individualistic cultures

Answer 67

higher

Question 68

The effects of the presence of others on the way people think, feel and behave

Answer 68

Social influence

Question 69

Compliance with authority

Answer 69

Obedience

Question 70

Changing attitudes or behaviour to accommodate the standards of peers or groups

Answer 70

Conformity

Question 71

When Kitty Genovese was brutally murdered and no one who witnessed this crime intervened, this is an example of the _____________.

Answer 71

bystander effect

Question 72

A diminished sense of personal responsibility to act when other people are present

Answer 72

Diffusion of responsibility

Question 73

When a group makes a decision to primarily uphold the harmony of the group is an example of ___________.

Answer 73

groupthink

Question 74

The tendency for a group to adopt more extreme views or positions than the initial average opinion of its members.

Answer 74

Group polarisation

Question 75

The hypothesis that when people are frustrated in achieving a goal, they may become aggressive.

Answer 75

frustration-aggression model

Question 76

Aggression that is elicited by anger.

Answer 76

Hostile aggression

Question 77

deep affection, friendship and emotional intimacy that grows over time through shared experiences

Answer 77

Companionate love

Question 78

What are some of the drivers of love?
a) Biological factors, social norms, and cultural values
b) Literature, religion, and social expectations
c) Oxytocin, dopamine, and attachment theory
d) All of the above

Answer 78

d) All of the above

Question 79

Which hormone is associated with bonding and attachment in love?
a) Dopamine
b) Testosterone
c) Oxytocin
d) Serotonin

Answer 79

c) Oxytocin

Question 80

What is passionate love characterized by?
a) Emotional intimacy and deep affection
b) Desire, infatuation, and heightened physiological arousal
c) Commitment and long-term dedication
d) Friendship and companionship

Answer 80

b) Desire, infatuation, and heightened physiological arousal

Question 81

According to Sternberg’s Triangle of Love, what are the three fundamental components of love?
a) Trust, communication, and sacrifice
b) Passion, commitment, and attraction
c) Intimacy, passion, and commitment
d) Respect, friendship, and loyalty

Answer 81

c) Intimacy, passion, and commitment

Question 82

What type of love includes a friendship-like connection?
a) Companionate love
b) Passionate love
c) Platonic love
d) Romantic love

Answer 82

a) Companionate love

Question 83

Which perspective suggests that aggression is an innate part of human nature?
a) Instinctual perspective
b) Evolutionary perspective
c) Biological perspective
d) Cognitive-social perspective

Answer 83

a) Instinctual perspective

Question 84

Which hormone has been linked to increased aggression in some studies?
a) Estrogen
b) Progesterone
c) Testosterone
d) Oxytocin

Answer 84

c) Testosterone

Question 85

According to Albert Bandura’s social learning theory, how do individuals acquire aggressive behaviors?
a) Through genetic predisposition
b) Through environmental factors
c) Through internal instincts
d) Through cognitive development

Answer 85

b) Through environmental factors

Question 86

The General Aggression Model proposes that aggression is influenced by a combination of:
a) Genetic factors and brain functioning
b) Cultural and societal norms
c) Individual personality traits
d) All of the above

Answer 86

d) All of the above

Question 87

What is the “Thanatos” or “death instinct” in Freud’s concept of aggression?
a) An innate drive for self-destruction
b) A desire for power and dominance
c) A result of cognitive distortions
d) A reaction to immediate situational circumstances

Answer 87

a) An innate drive for self-destruction

Question 88

Which perspective emphasizes brain functioning and biological factors in influencing aggression?
a) Instinctual perspective
b) Evolutionary perspective
c) Biological perspective
d) Cognitive-social perspective

Answer 88

c) Biological perspective

Question 89

According to the cognitive-social perspective, how is aggression learned?
a) Through genetic inheritance
b) Through personal experiences
c) Through instinctual drives
d) Through hormonal imbalances

Answer 89

b) Through personal experiences

Question 90

What are stereotypes?
a) Conscious attributions of characteristics to individuals based on their group membership
b) Unconscious attributions of characteristics to individuals based on their group membership
c) Deliberate attributions of characteristics to individuals based on their group membership
d) Automatic and unintentional attributions of characteristics to individuals based on their group membership

Answer 90

a) Conscious attributions of characteristics to individuals based on their group membership

Question 91

What is a counter-stereotype?
a) A stereotype that is completely false.
b) A character or concept that challenges commonly held beliefs about a particular group.
c) A stereotype that is partially true.
d) A stereotype that is based on unconscious attributions.

Answer 91

b) A character or concept that challenges commonly held beliefs about a particular group.

Question 92

What does prejudice create in terms of group dynamics?
a) A sense of belonging and unity.
b) Equal treatment for all individuals.
c) In-group versus out-group dynamics.
d) Positive attitudes towards diversity.

Answer 92

c) In-group versus out-group dynamics.

Question 93

According to Karl Marx, why does prejudice exist?
a) To promote inclusivity and equality.
b) To challenge the dominant social classes.
c) To promote social justice.
d) To preserve the interests of dominant social classes.

Answer 93

d) To preserve the interests of dominant social classes.

Question 94

How do stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination relate to each other?
a) Stereotypes lead to prejudice, which leads to discrimination.
b) Discrimination leads to prejudice, which leads to stereotypes.
c) Prejudice leads to stereotypes, which leads to discrimination.
d) Stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination are independent of each other.

Answer 94

a) Stereotypes lead to prejudice, which leads to discrimination.

Question 95

What are attitudes?
a) Evaluations of objects, issues, or people that can be positive or negative.
b) Actions that reflect personal beliefs and values.
c) Behaviors influenced by social norms.
d) Overt expressions of conformity.

Answer 95

a) Evaluations of objects, issues, or people that can be positive or negative.

Question 96

Which social influence technique starts with a small request and escalates?
a) Foot-in-the-door technique
b) Door-in-the-face technique
c) Bait-and-switch technique
d) Labelling technique

Answer 96

a) Foot-in-the-door technique

Question 97

What was the Milgram Shock Experiment?
a) An experiment on the bystander effect.
b) An experiment on cognitive dissonance.
c) An experiment on obedience to authority.
d) An experiment on conformity.

Answer 97

c) An experiment on obedience to authority.

Question 98

What does the interpersonal self refer to?
a) How we interact with the world around us.
b) How we present ourselves to others.
c) Our self-awareness and self-deception.
d) The different roles we have in various situations.

Answer 98

d) The different roles we have in various situations.

Question 99

What does the agent self involve?
a) How we interact with other people.
b) Our decision-making and taking charge of situations.
c) Our self-presentation to the world.
d) Our evaluation of ourselves and our self-esteem.

Answer 99

b) Our decision-making and taking charge of situations.

Question 100

What is impression formation?
a) The process of forming initial opinions and judgments about others based on limited information.
b) The process of revising and updating one’s impressions of others based on new information.
c) The process of studying first impressions in laboratory settings.
d) The process of creating stereotypes and generalizations about others.

Answer 100

a) The process of forming initial opinions and judgments about others based on limited information.

Question 101

Which of the following factors can influence impression formation?
a) Physical appearance.
b) Verbal communication.
c) Nonverbal behavior.
d) All of the above.

Answer 101

d) All of the above.

Question 102

What is the primary purpose of impression updating?
a) To maintain consistency in one’s beliefs and judgments.
b) To adapt one’s impressions to align with new information.
c) To reinforce stereotypes and biases.
d) To form lasting and unchangeable impressions of others.

Answer 102

b) To adapt one’s impressions to align with new information.

Question 103

According to the cognitive consistency theory, what is the likely response when new information contradicts an existing impression?
a) Rejection of the new information.
b) Reevaluation of the existing impression.
c) Ignoring the new information.
d) Confirmation bias.

Answer 103

b) Reevaluation of the existing impression.

Question 104

Which of the following is an example of impression updating?
a) Assuming someone is trustworthy based on their appearance.
b) Changing your opinion of a coworker after observing their consistent punctuality.
c) Stereotyping individuals based on their nationality.
d) Forming an initial impression of someone based on their clothing choices.

Answer 104

b) Changing your opinion of a coworker after observing their consistent punctuality.