Weeks 3 & 4 - Personality Flashcards
1
Q
Enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, motivations, and behaviours. Relatively stable. Unique and adaptive.
A
Personality
2
Q
Three ways we describe personality
A
Human nature- like all others
Individual and group differences- like some others
Individual uniqueness- like no others
3
Q
Emotional, cognitive and behaviour tendencies which are unique to individuals
A
Traits
4
Q
Eysenck’s super traits
A
Psychoticism – Low Psychoticism Extraversion – Introversion
Neuroticism – Emotional Stability
5
Q
BAS & BIS
A
Behavioural approach systems (BAS) attuned to rewards
Behavioural inhibition system (BIS) attuned to punishment
6
Q
The Five-Factor Model Traits
A
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Extroversion
Neuroticism
7
Q
Includes characteristics such as creativity, spontaneity, flexible in ideas.
A
Openness to Experience
8
Q
Capacity to understand another person’s cognitive and emotional experience
A
Empathy
9
Q
Organised pattern of thought and perception about oneself that is consistent
A
Self-concept
10
Q
Core aspect of being that is not impacted by external demands
A
True self
11
Q
An aspect of self which emerges to gain positive regard from others
A
False self
12
Q
View of what person should be like
A
Ideal self
13
Q
Acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person does
A
Positive regard
14
Q
Desire to fulfil a range of needs that humans experience
A
Actualising tendency
15
Q
Developed by Freud and includes conscious, preconscious, and unconscious elements
A
Topographic model
16
Q
According to Freud ____________ is the ‘life force’ and includes pleasure seeking, sensuality, and desire for sexual intercourse
A
Libido
17
Q
Freud’s psychosexual stages
A
Oral (0-18 months)
Anal (2-3 years)
Phallic (4-6 years)
Latency (7-11 years)
Genital (12+ years)
18
Q
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
A
Physiological needs
Safety needs
Love and belonging
Esteem
Self-actualization
19
Q
According to Carl Rogers _____________ is an organized pattern of thought and perception about oneself
A
Self-concept
20
Q
Aspect of the humanistic approach to personality that relates to a human’s desire to fulfill the full needs of human experience (e.g. all the hierarchy of needs)
A
Actualising tendency
21
Q
According to Bandura ___________ is a person’s idea that they can perform the require actions to get the desired outcome
A
Self-efficacy expectancy
22
Q
Every day, as soon as I arrive at the office, I turn on my computer, make coffee, greet those there, and check my email. I do this flawlessly each day and in that order. Which of the following best applies to my behaviour?
a. Behavioural invariance
b. Consistency
c. Repetitive response pattern
d. Indistinctiveness
A
b. Consistency
23
Q
The first individual to present a comprehensive theory of personality.
A
Sigmund Freud
24
Q
Jedda is imaginative, unconventional, curious, and artistic; Brandy is conventional, down-to-earth, and has limited interests. According to the Five
factor model of personality, it is likely that Jedda will score high on ______________ and Brandy will score low on the same trait.
A
openness
25
The limitations of cognitive-social approaches to personality is/are:
a. a tendency to underemphasise the emotional, motivational, and
irrational
b. a tendency to assume people consciously know what they think, feel
and want
c. a tendency to emphasise the rational side of life
d. all of the options listed
All of the options listed
26
Which of the following is NOT a pattern of infant attachment?
* a. Ambivalent
* b. Insecure
* c. Disorganised
* d. Secure
b. Insecure
27
Proximity plays an important role in attraction because:
a. it introduces important social dynamics such as status and encourages resolution
b. it allows people to address conformity and peer pressure in a family setting
c. it encourages reproductive success due to accessibility
d. it allows people to get to know one another and sets the stage for familiarity
d. it allows people to get to know one another and sets the stage for familiarity
28
A broad intrepreation of personality that is so broad it could apply to anyone, and so is accepted as fact.
Barnum effect
29
Theories of learning that emphasise the role of thought and social learning in behaviour
cognitive-social theories
30
Unconscious mental processes aimed at protecting a person from experiencing unpleasant emotions, especially anxiety.
defence mechanisms
31
A trait theory that asserts that personality consists of five traits (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness and neuroticism)
Five-factor model / Big-five personality traits
32
Setting goals, evaluating performance and adjusting behaviours to achieve goals in the context of ongoing feedback
self-regulation
33
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
personality
34
The HOW of personality; the process of personality.
Personality Mechanisms
35
traits that improve an individual's ability to survive and reproduce
adaptions
36
the organisation or patterning of thoughts, feelings and behaviours
Structure of Personality
37
the perspective that emphasizes the description and measurement of specific personality differences among individuals
trait perspective
38
assumption that the most crucial features of personality are embedded in our language
lexical approach
39
Using statistical analysis to determine key traits
statistical analysis approach traits
40
theoretical approach traits
Deriving traits from another theory of personality
41
Eysenck's supertraits
psychoticism , extraversion-introversion, neuroticism
42
16 personality factor system. Key goal was to identify and measure the basic units of personality
Cattell's Taxonomy
43
A cognitive-social personality researcher who focused on personal constructs that are significant to a person and their personality. Looked at how cognitions influence behaviour.
George Kelly
44
According to ______________, people are driven by schemas:
a. Albert Bandura
b. Carl Rogers
c. Sigmund Freud
d. Abraham Maslow
a. Albert Bandura
45
The ______ approach focuses on aspects of personality that are distinctly human, not shared by other animals.-
a.humanistic
b.existential
c.trait
d.anthropomorphic
a. humanistic
46
Tests that present subjects with an ambiguous stimulus and ask them to give some kind of definition or meaning to it are known as?
a.Objective
b.Subjective
c.Projective
d.Inductive
c. Projective
47
According to Hans Eysenck, what defines a continuum from emotional stability to instability?
a.Neuroticism
b.Psychosis
c.Depression
d.Dementia
a. Neuroticism
48
According to Freud, the reality principle is the:
a.id seeking immediate satisfaction and gratification
b.ego weighing the id's desires against the consequences
c.superego counterbalancing the id
d.repression of sexual impulses
b. ego weighing the id's desires against the consequences
49
Which of the following is NOT one of the "big five" factors identified by Costa and McCrae?
a.Agreeableness
b.Conscientiousness
c.Self-actualisation
d.Openness
c. Self-actualisation
50
What is the first stage of Freud's psychosexual stages?
a. Anal
b. Oral
c. Latency
d. Phallic
b. Oral
51
the process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of others
Attribution
52
Who created the 'person-centred' approach?
Carl Rogers
53
Maslow's five levels in the hierarchy of needs
Physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, self-actualisation
54
Who is famous for the 'ink blot' test?
Rorschach
55
Who created the idea of 'word association' in psychotherapy?
Carl Jung
56
Which defense mechanism involves attributing one's own unacceptable feelings or traits to others?
a) Repression
b) Projection
c) Denial
d) Rationalisation
b) Projection
57
Sarah, who failed an exam, insists that she didn't study because she believes that the subject is not important. Which defense mechanism is she using?
a) Displacement
b) Repression
c) Rationalisation
d) Regression
c) Rationalisation
58
John, who is angry at his boss, goes to the gym and channels his anger into an intense workout. Which defense mechanism is he using?
a) Sublimation
b) Regression
c) Projection
d) Reaction formation
a) Sublimation
59
A person who unconsciously forgets about an unpleasant event from their past is using which defense mechanism?
a) Rationalisation
b) Repression
c) Displacement
d) Sublimation
b) Repression
60
Which defense mechanism involves attributing exaggerated positive qualities to oneself or others to maintain self-esteem?
a) Rationalisation
b) Reaction formation
c) Idealization
d) Sublimation
c) Idealisation
61
Emma, who is afraid of dogs, becomes a veterinarian to overcome her fear and be in control of the situation. Which defense mechanism is she using?
a) Repression
b) Sublimation
c) Reaction formation
d) Rationalization
d) Sublimation
62
Which defense mechanism involves diverting unacceptable impulses or emotions to a more acceptable target?
a) Sublimation
b) Displacement
c) Regression
d) Denial
d) Displacement
63
Tom, who is having difficulty coping with his recent breakup, starts painting to express his emotions. Which defence mechanism is he using?
a) Rationalization
b) Reaction formation
c) Sublimation
d) Denial
c) Sublimation
64
Which defense mechanism involves reverting to behaviors characteristic of an earlier stage of development?
a) Regression
b) Repression
c) Sublimation
d) Projection
a) Regression
65
Maria is known for being the life of the party. She loves socializing, is outgoing, and thrives in large gatherings. Which trait from the Big Five Model best describes her behavior?
a) Agreeableness
b) Openness to experience
c) Extraversion
d) Neuroticism
e) Conscientiousness
c) Extraversion
66
John is highly organized, detail-oriented, and likes to plan his day meticulously. He prefers sticking to schedules and is often seen as reliable and responsible. Which trait from the Big Five Model does John exhibit?
a) Agreeableness
b) Openness to experience
c) Extraversion
d) Neuroticism
e) Conscientiousness
e) Conscientiousness
67
Sarah is known for being compassionate, empathetic, and always willing to help others. She goes out of her way to support her friends and is genuinely interested in their well-being. Which trait from the Big Five Model is most evident in Sarah's behavior?
a) Agreeableness
b) Openness to experience
c) Extraversion
d) Neuroticism
e) Conscientiousness
a) Agreeableness
68
Mark is highly curious, imaginative, and enjoys exploring new ideas and concepts. He appreciates art, enjoys abstract thinking, and is open to new experiences. Which trait from the Big Five Model does Mark exhibit?
a) Agreeableness
b) Openness to experience
c) Extraversion
d) Neuroticism
e) Conscientiousness
b) Openness to experience
69
Emily tends to worry a lot and is prone to experiencing anxiety. She often overthinks situations and is sensitive to stress. Which trait from the Big Five Model best describes Emily's tendency?
a) Agreeableness
b) Openness to experience
c) Extraversion
d) Neuroticism
e) Conscientiousness
d) Neuroticism
70
Alex prefers working independently and enjoys solitude. He is reserved, thinks before speaking, and tends to be introspective. Which trait from the Big Five Model is Alex low on?
a) Agreeableness
b) Openness to experience
c) Extraversion
d) Neuroticism
e) Conscientiousness
c) Extraversion
71
Rebecca is known for being dependable, organized, and responsible. She is methodical in her approach, follows through on commitments, and pays attention to detail. Which trait from the Big Five Model does Rebecca exhibit?
a) Agreeableness
b) Openness to experience
c) Extraversion
d) Neuroticism
e) Conscientiousness
e) Conscientiousness
72
James is highly sociable, enjoys being the center of attention, and is energized by interacting with others. He often takes on leadership roles and is comfortable in social situations. Which trait from the Big Five Model best describes James' behavior?
a) Agreeableness
b) Openness to experience
c) Extraversion
d) Neuroticism
e) Conscientiousness
c) Extraversion
73
Lisa is known for being skeptical, critical, and not easily swayed by emotions. She tends to question things, analyzes situations logically, and values rationality. Which trait from the Big Five Model is most evident in Lisa's behavior?
a) Agreeableness
b) Openness to experience
c) Extraversion
d) Neuroticism
e) Conscientiousness
e) Conscientiousness
74
Personality encompasses which of the following?
a) Thoughts and feelings
b) Physical appearance
c) IQ score
d) Musical talent
a) Thoughts and feelings
75
Personality traits influence behavior but do not:
a) Determine it
b) Affect physical health
c) Change over time
d) Impact relationships
a) Determine it
76
Personality processes involve input, decision rules, and:
a) Motivation
b) Memory
c) Output
d) Perception
c) Output
77
Personality influences interactions through various mechanisms, including:
a) Intelligence
b) Perception, selection, evocation, and manipulation
c) Physical appearance
d) Social status
b) Perception, selection, evocation, and manipulation
78
Which domain of adaptation involves fitting in with others?
a) Physical
b) Intrapsychic
c) Social environment
d) Emotional
c) Social environment
79
The Trait Perspective of Personality uses which approach to describe traits?
a) Lexical approach
b) Statistical approach
c) Theoretical approach
d) All of the above
d) All of the above
80
Gordon Allport proposed the Trait Perspective of Personality in which decade?
a) 1920s
b) 1930s
c) 1940s
d) 1950s
b) 1930s
81
Eysenck's Hierarchical Model includes three super traits, which are:
a) Openness, consciousness, extraversion
b) Psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism
c) Openness, extroversion, neuroticism
c) Psychotics, extraversion, neuroticism
82
Which model reduces Allport & Odbert's list of traits to 16?
a) Eysenck's Hierarchical Model
b) Five Factor Model (Big 5)
c) Cattle's Taxonomy
d) HEXACO Model
c) Cattle's Taxonomy
83
The Psychodynamic Perspective on Personality is based on:
a) Free will and human goodness
b) Learning, cognition, and social factors
c) Unconscious and conscious processes
d) Instincts and libido
c) Unconscious and conscious processes
84
Which of the following is a defense mechanism according to the Psychodynamic Perspective?
a) Self-efficacy
b) Rationalization
c) Behavior-Outcome Expectancy
d) Self-actualization
b) Rationalization
85
The Humanistic Perspective on Personality emphasizes:
a) Learning, cognition, and social factors
b) Schemas and expectations
c) Free will and the inherent goodness of people
d) Unconscious processes and instincts
c) Free will and the inherent goodness of people
86
Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs includes all of the following except:
a) Safety
b) Esteem
c) Love and Belonging
d) Power
d) Power
87
According to Carl Rogers, self-actualization is driven by:
a) Growth, genuineness, acceptance, and unconditional positive regard
b) Conscious experiences and personal control
c) Schemas, expectations, and goal attainment
d) Physiological and safety needs
a) Growth, genuineness, acceptance, and unconditional positive regard
88
Albert Bandura's cognitive-social model of behavior includes all of the following except:
a) Encoding
b) Self-Regulation
c) Expectations
d) Physical appearance
d) Physical appearance
89
Personal control refers to:
a) External Locus of Control
b) Internal Locus of Control
c) Expectations and beliefs
d) Self-efficacy and competences
b) Internal Locus of Control
90
The Rorschach test is a projective test similar to:
a) The Barnum Effect
b) Animal Personality
c) Carl Jung's collective unconscious
d) Gordon Allport's Lexical Approach
c) Carl Jung's collective unconscious
91
Which theorist focuses on interpersonal disturbances and connections with others?
a) Carl Jung
b) Karen Horney
c) Albert Bandura
d) Abraham Maslow
b) Karen Horney
92
The Barnum Effect refers to:
a) Animals having personalities
b) Instinctual drives and psychosexual stages
c) Believing general and vague descriptions are specifically tailored
d) Humanistic perspective on personality
c) Believing general and vague descriptions are specifically tailored
