Weeks 1 & 2 - Development Flashcards
Which of the following are an example of a reflex?
a. Sucking
b. Crying
c. Grasping
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
Jessica is researching developmental changes over time and interviews a group of participants aged between 20-30, another group of participants aged between 50-60 and another group of participants aged between 80-90. Jessica is using..
a. a longitudinal research design
b. a cross-sectional research design
c. a multi-factorials research design
d. a sequential design
b. a cross-sectional research design
An environmental factor or substances that can harm a foetus is called a:
a. Embryonic period
b. Foetal alcohol syndrome
c. Teratogen
d. Genetic substance
c. Teratogen
According to Piaget a schema is:
a. A stage of childhood development
b. An organised pattern of thought
c. When children can perceive abstract ideas
d. When children think with their hands and mouths
b. An organised pattern of thought
If a child asks their parent why they are not allowed to play outside and their parent responds with because I said so, their parenting style is most likely.
a. Authoritarian
b. Permissive
c. Authoritative
d. Neglectful / uninvolved
a. Authoritarian
The tendency for children to focus on one feature of an object without considering other features is known as:
a. Preoperational stage
b. Assimilation
c. Accommodation
d. Centration
d. Centration
Sequential designs minimize _________ by studying multiple cohorts longitudinally.
a. Cohort effects
b. Experimenter bias
c. Statistical significance
d. Influence of nature
a. Cohort effects
According to Piaget, children who are able to manipulate abstract ideas as well as concrete ideas are in which cognitive stage?
a. Sensorimotor stage
b. Preoperational stage
c. Concrete operational stage
d. Formal operational stage
d. Formal operational stage
Tate’s mother leaves Tate in a room and when she returns Tate ignores her. According to Bowlby’s theory, Tate is likely to be at which stage of attachment?
a. Secure attachment
b. Avoidant attachment
c. Ambivalent attachment
d. Disorganized attachment
b. Avoidant attachment
The typical sequence of physical milestones in childhood are:
a. Crawling, sits alone, lifts chin, stands with support
b. Lifts chin, sits alone, crawling, stands with support
c. Stands with support, crawling, lifts chin, sits alone
d. Lifts chin, crawling, sits alone, stands with support
b. Lifts chin, sits alone, crawling, stands with support
Any substance or environmental factor that may cause birth defects
Teratogen
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behaviour and that remain relatively uninfluenced by experience
Maturation
Periods of special sensitivity to a specific type of learning
Critical periods
Order of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
Sensorimotor (approx. 0 – 2 years); Preoperational (approx. 2-7 years); Concrete operational (approx. 7-12 years); Formal operational (approx. 12+ years)
Organised, repeatedly exercised pattern of thought or behaviour
Schema
The four parenting styles
Permissive, Neglectful, Authoritarian, Authoritative
The four attachment styles
Secure, Avoidant, Ambivalent, Disorganized
Compares groups of participants of different ages at a single time to investigate differences between them
Cross-sectional studies
A study design that follows the same individuals over time and thus can directly assess age changes rather than age differences
Longitudinal studies
A study design that minimises the confounding variable of cohort by studying multiple cohorts longitudinally.
Sequential studies
In infancy, motor movements develop from ________ to __________.
head, toe
A form of prejudice against old people comparable to racism and sexism.
Ageism
A progressive and incurable illness that destroys neurons in the brain, causing severe impairment of memory, reasoning, perception, language and behaviour.
Alzheimer’s disease
The process of executing mental processes with increasing efficiency, so that they require less and less attention.
Automatisation
Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, beginning roughly around age two and lasting until age five to seven, characterised by the emergence of symbolic thought.
pre-operational stage
The interpretation of actions or events in terms of one’s present schemas in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
assimilation
The tendency to focus on one perceptually striking feature of an object without considering other features that might be relevant in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.
centration
Piaget’s third stage of cognitive development, which falls between the ages of seven and 12, in which children are capable of mentally manipulating internal representations of concrete objects in ways that are reversible.
Concrete operational stage
Piaget’s fourth stage of cognitive development, which begins at about age 12 to 15, and is characterised by the ability to manipulate abstract as well as concrete objects, events and ideas mentally.
formal operational stage
The capacity to associate sensations of an object from different senses, or to match one’s own actions to behaviours that are observed visually.
Intermodal processing
In Piaget’s theory, the recognition that objects exist in time and space independent of one’s actions on, or observation of, them.
Object permanence
In Piaget’s theory, a distinct underlying logic used by a child at a given stage.
structure of thought
The process by which children learn the rules, beliefs, values, skills, attitudes and behaviour patterns of their society.
Socialisation
Environmental agents that harm the embryo or foetus are referred to as:
a. toxins
b. teratogens
c. rooting factors
d. pharmacologicals
b. teratogens
According to John Bowlby, attachment behaviour is ______ in order to ______:
a. learned; allow children to function successfully within a particular culture
b. innate; ensure the young are able to interact with others of their species
c. pre-wired; keep offspring close to their parents
d. culturally instilled; maintain social order
c. pre-wired; keep offspring close to their parents
According to Piaget, a ________ is an organised, repeatedly exercised pattern of behaviour or thought.
a. Assimilation
b. Schema
c. Transition
d. Habit
b. Schema
Which of the following is NOT a pattern of infant attachment?
a. Secure
b. Ambivalent
c. Insecure
d. Disorganised
c. Insecure
According to Piaget, children in the concrete operational stage understand that basic properties of an object or situation remain stable, even though the superficial properties may be changed. This is termed:
a. transitivity
b. conservation
c. decentration
d. permanence
b. conservation
Erikson’s basic trust versus mistrust stage of development occurs:
a. roughly in the first 18 months of life.
b. ages 1 and a half to 2 years.
c. ages 3 to 5 years.
d. adolescence to young adulthood.
a. roughly in the first 18 months of life
Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages of prenatal development?
a. Foetal, embryonic, germinal
b. Embryonic, germinal, foetal
c. Germinal, foetal, embryonic
d. Germinal, embryonic, foetal
d. Germinal, embryonic, foetal
The first few hours after hatching are a critical period for goslings because:
a. they are most vulnerable to predators at that time
b. they must quickly initiate the swimming reflex in order to survive
c. they are biologically prepared to follow whatever moving object they see
d. all of the options listed
c. they are biologically prepared to follow whatever moving object they see
Which type of study compares groups of subjects of different ages at a single time, to see whether differences exist among them?
a. Cross-cultural
b. Cross-sectional
C. Sequential
D. Longitudinal
b. Cross-sectional
Piaget referred to ___________ as the interpretation of actions of events in terms of one’s present schemas.
assimilation
Which stage of moral judgement is typical of school children before the age of 9 or 10?
a. morality of cooperation
b. conventional morality
c. morality of constraint
d. post-conventional morality
b. conventional morality
The idea that the origins of attachment are not tied to feeding was due to the research of:
Harry Harlow
What are the three stages of Kohlberg’s Moral Development?
Preconventional, conventional, postconventional
A new Developmental stage that has emerged as a result of changes in modern Western Society
Emerging Adulthood
Cognitive social researchers measure moral development in terms of _______.
Prosocial behaviour
According to Erikson ___________ relates to concern for the next generation as well as an interest in producing something of lasting value for society.
Generativity
Developmental stage where young adults establish enduring and committed relationships, or avoid commitment in Erikson’s life stages.
Intimacy versus isolation
An incurable illness that destroys neurons in the brain and can cause dementia.
Alzheimer’s disease
Refers to processes of reasoning and ability to think flexibly, this typically decreases with age
Fluid intelligence
The accumulation of knowledge or skills, this typically does not decrease with age
Crystalized intelligence
Which ageing disorder is characterised by changes in brain tissue, including tangled neurons and protein deposits that disrupt the functioning of cortical cells?
a. Dementia
b. Alzheimer’s disease
c. Presbycusis
d. Parkinson’s disease
b. Alzheimer’s disease
Which type of study compares groups of subjects of different ages at a single time, to see whether differences exist among them?
Select one:
a. Cross-sectional
b. Cross-cultural
c. Longitudinal
d. Sequential
a. Cross-sectional
Which ageing disorder is characterised by changes in brain tissue, including tangled neurons and protein deposits that disrupt the functioning of cortical cells?
Alzheimer’s disease
A developmental period during which environmental input is especially important, but not absolutely required, for future development in a domain.
sensitive period
Piaget believed that all children try to strike a balance between assimilation and accommodation, which is achieved through a mechanism Piaget called equilibration. ___________ helps explain how children can move from one stage of thought to the next as they develop their cognitive development.
equilibrium
Piaget’s formal operational concept that adolescents have the cognitive ability to develop hypotheses, or best guesses, about ways to solve problems
hypothetical-deductive reasoning
reasoning that uses abstract logic in the absence of concrete examples
propositional thought
What allows an adolescent to better understand and solve problems?
- hypothetical-deductive reasoning
- propositional thought
positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior
prosocial behaviour
In Erikson’s theory, the developmental stages refer to eight major challenges that appear successively across the lifespan, which require an individual to rethink his or her goals and relationships with others.
psychosocial stages
Which of the following is NOT one of the five original Blue Zones identified by National Geographic?
a) Loma Linda, California
b) Sardinia, Italy
c) Okinawa, Japan
d) Tokyo, Japan
d) Tokyo, Japan
What is the average life expectancy in Blue Zones compared to the global average?
a) About the same
b) 5 years longer
c) 10 years longer
d) 15 years longer
c) 10 years longer
Which of the following factors is NOT commonly associated with longevity in Blue Zones?
a) Regular physical activity
b) Plant-based diet
c) Social connections
d) High-stress levels
d) High-stress levels
What is “ikigai” in relation to Blue Zones?
a) A type of exercise performed in Blue Zones
b) A cultural tradition in Blue Zones
c) A special diet followed in Blue Zones
d) A sense of purpose in life
d) A sense of purpose in life
Which Blue Zone is known for its inhabitants’ consumption of red wine?
a) Loma Linda, California
b) Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica
c) Ikaria, Greece
d) Okinawa, Japan
c) Ikaria, Greece
What is the primary focus of the Blue Zones Project?
a) Building sustainable communities
b) Promoting mindfulness meditation
c) Improving mental health services
d) Developing new medical technologies
a) Building sustainable communities
In Blue Zones, what is the typical form of physical activity among the elderly?
a) Weightlifting
b) Swimming
c) Yoga
d) Daily natural movement
d) Daily natural movement
Which Blue Zone is known for its residents’ strong sense of community and social support?
a) Sardinia, Italy
b) Costa Rica
c) Greece
d) Loma Linda, California
a) Sardinia, Italy
What is the main principle behind the “80% rule” followed in Blue Zones?
a) Limiting food intake to 80% of the daily recommended amount
b) Consuming at least 80% of meals at home
c) Eating until 80% full to avoid overeating
d) Exercising for at least 80% of the week
c) Eating until 80% full to avoid overeating
What are the identified lifestyle factors that contribute to longevity in Blue Zones?
a) Healthy diet, regular physical activity, strong social connections, and purposeful life
b) Extreme calorie restriction, daily meditation, vegetarianism, and high income
c) Regular consumption of red wine, high-stress levels, intense physical exercise, and genetics
d) Low-fat diet, frequent doctor visits, high income, and living in urban areas
a) Healthy diet, regular physical activity, strong social connections, and purposeful life
Which of the following factors contributed to the emergence of the category called emerging adulthood?
a) Early marriage and early parenthood
b) Shorter education and financial independence
c) Delayed marriage and delayed parenthood
d) Longer education and financial independence
c) Delayed marriage and delayed parenthood
According to Arnett (2000), at what age does adulthood typically emerge during emerging adulthood?
a) 18-25 years
b) 26-35 years
c) 36 and above
d) 40 and above
b) 26-35 years
What percentage of individuals aged 18-25 consider themselves adults, according to surveys?
a) 10%
b) 40%
c) 70%
d) 90%
b) 40%
Piaget’s “formal operational” stage enables adolescents to:
a) Think abstractly and use hypothetico-deductive reasoning
b) Rely on intuition and mental shortcuts
c) Use less formal operational thought
d) Exhibit high idealism and engage in argumentation
a) Think abstractly and use hypothetico-deductive reasoning
Kohlberg’s moral development theory focuses on:
a) Cognitive-social interactions
b) Biological influences on moral reasoning
c) Environmental and cultural influences
d) Determining what is right or wrong
d) Determining what is right or wrong
At which level of Kohlberg’s moral development theory do individuals prioritize gaining approval or avoiding disapproval?
a) Preconventional level
b) Conventional level
c) Postconventional level
d) Unconventional level
b) Conventional level
Bandura’s cognitive-social theory focuses more on:
a) Cultural differences in moral reasoning
b) Moral behavior and reinforcement or punishment
c) Sequential judgments of right or wrong
d) The role of intuition in moral reasoning
b) Moral behavior and reinforcement or punishment
According to Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development, which stage occurs during adolescence?
a) Basic trust vs. mistrust
b) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
c) Initiative vs. guilt
d) Identity vs. role confusion
d) Identity vs. role confusion
Which stage in Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development is associated with forming intimate relationships?
a) Initiative vs. guilt
b) Identity vs. role confusion
c) Intimacy vs. isolation
d) Generativity vs. stagnation
c) Intimacy vs. isolation
Which type of intelligence typically does not decrease with age?
a) Crystallised intelligence
b) Fluid intelligence
c) Emotional intelligence
d) Social intelligence
a) Crystallised intelligence
What tends to decline with age in terms of memory?
a) Recognition of new information
b) Recall of past events
c) Short-term memory capacity
d) Long-term memory capacity
c) Short-term memory capacity
What is the Heinz dilemma used for in Kohlberg’s moral development theory?
a) Assessing cognitive abilities
b) Measuring emotional intelligence
c) Evaluating problem-solving skills
d) Prompting moral reasoning
d) Prompting moral reasoning
At which stage in Kohlberg’s moral development theory do individuals consider fallible societal rules, not absolute?
a) Stage 1: Punishment-obedience orientation
b) Stage 3: Good-child orientation
c) Stage 5: Social-contract orientation
d) Stage 6: Universal ethical principles
c) Stage 5: Social-contract orientation
What type of reasoning do adolescents exhibit more as a result of abstract reasoning and formal operational thought?
a) Logical reasoning
b) Intuitive reasoning
c) Deductive reasoning
d) Inductive reasoning
a) Logical reasoning
Which of the following is NOT a criterion for attaining adulthood?
a) Individualism
b) Family capacities
c) Moral reasoning
d) Legal/chronological transitions
c) Moral reasoning
During which stage of prenatal development does the zygote period occur?
a) 0-2 weeks
b) 2 weeks - 2 months
c) 2 months to birth
d) 0-6 weeks
a) 0-2 weeks
Which reflex helps newborns find and latch onto a nipple for feeding?
a) Breathing reflex
b) Grasping reflex
c) Rooting reflex
d) Startle reflex
c) Rooting reflex
According to the cephalocaudal principle of development, which part of the body develops first?
a) Trunk
b) Legs
c) Neck
d) Head
d) Head
What is the principle of “use it or lose it” in brain development?
a) The brain overproduces neurons
b) Experience plays a crucial role in brain development
c) Unused neural connections are eliminated while active connections are strengthened
d) The brain develops rapidly in the womb
c) Unused neural connections are eliminated while active connections are strengthened
Which stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, is characterized by egocentrism and the inability to understand another person’s point of view?
a) Sensorimotor stage
b) Preoperational stage
c) Concrete operational stage
d) Formal operational stage
b) Preoperational stage
Which stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, is characterized by abstract and scientific thinking?
a) Sensorimotor stage
b) Preoperational stage
c) Concrete operational stage
d) Formal operational stage
d) Formal operational stage
What is the main limitation of longitudinal research?
a) Vulnerability to cohort effects
b) Difficulty in generalizing results to a broader population
c) Inability to track development over time
d) High cost and time-consuming nature of the study
a) Vulnerability to cohort effects
What is the Strange Situations experiment used for?
a) Assessing cognitive development in children
b) Studying the effects of parenting styles on attachment
c) Investigating the role of nature vs. nurture in development
d) Examining cross-cultural differences in development
b) Studying the effects of parenting styles on attachment
