Weeks 5-7 Flashcards
Cultural competence
Ability of providers and organizations to effectively deliver health care services that meet the social, cultural, and linguistic needs of patients.
Cultural Awareness
Self-examination of one’s own prejudices and biases toward other cultures
Cultural Norms
rules or expectations of behavior and thoughts based on shared beliefs within a specific cultural or social group
Cultural Values
Series of principles and values passed on generation after generation by our ancestors. Based on values the entire cultural community decides their way of life. Those ideas decide how a person of that culture will behave and how they will lead their lives.
Kleinman Explanatory Model
a set of questions care providers can ask during an assessment which provides insight into what is most important for the client in terms of their health, illness, and care.
Kleinman Model Questions
What do you call your problem? What name do you give it?
What do you think has caused it?
Why did it start when it did?
What does your sickness do to your body? How does it work inside you?
How severe is it? Will it get better soon or take longer?
What do you fear most about your sickness?
What are the chief problems your sickness has caused for you (personally, family, work, etc.)?
Socioeconomic status
the position of an individual or group on the socioeconomic scale, which is determined by a combination of social and economic factors such as income, amount and kind of education, type and prestige of occupation, place of residence, and—in some societies or parts of society—ethnic origin or religious background. Examinations of socioeconomic status often reveal inequities in access to resources, as well as issues related to privilege, power, and control
Disparities
preventable differences in the burden of disease, injury, violence, or opportunities to achieve optimal health that are experienced by socially disadvantaged populations.
Minorities
a culturally, ethnically, or racially distinct group that coexists with but is subordinate to a more dominant group.
Food desert
Areas where people are unable to gain access to healthful foods. They are a major issue affecting millions of people in the U.S. and around the globe. Experts suggest that living in a food desert may put people at increased risk of obesity, diabetes, and other weight-related conditions.
Social determinants of health
o income
o Education
o Health care
o Environment
o Social factors
Social justice
a fair and equitable division of resources, opportunities and privileges in society.
Genomics
study of all genes in the human genome as well as their interaction with other genes, the individual’s environment, and the influence of cultural and psychosocial factors
Pharmacogenomics
study of how a person’s genes affect the way he or she responds to drugs. Pharmacogenetics is being used to learn ahead of time what the best drug or the best dose of a drug will be for a person
Genetic epidemiology
field of science focused on the study of how genetic factors influence human traits, such as human health and disease.
Genetic risk
the probability of them carrying a specific disease associated mutation.
Genetic red flags
Early age disease onset (earlier than normal)
Multiple family members with similar or related disorders
Atypical disorder presentation
Condition in less-affected gender
Disease in absence of risk factors
Ethnic predisposition
Relation between genetics and the environment
Diseases are complex and result from an interaction between genes and the environment. Small differences in person’s genes can cause them to respond differently to the same environmental exposure. Some may develop disease after exposure, others may not.
Genetics Nondiscrimination Act
- a federal law that protects against genetic discrimination in the workplace and health insurance.
- safeguards individual and family privacy of genetic information.
- Prevents employers from deciding to hire or fire based on genetic health information
- Prevents insurers from determining cost, coverage or benefits based on genetic health information
- Guards against the misuse of genetic information obtained through research
Components of a genetic risk assessment.
- personal medical history
- family medical history (3-4 generations) looking at red flags
- recommendation for genetic testing
- disclosure of genetic results
- pre and post test psychosocial counseling
Outbreak
The occurrence of disease within persons in excess of what would normally be expected in a clearly defined community, location, or time of year. Can last for days, weeks or years.
Pandemic
Global epidemic of disease that spreads to more than one continent
Quarantine
The separation and restriction of the movement of people who were or are exposed to a contagious disease for a set period of time to see whether they become ill.
Isolation
The separation of sick people with a contagious disease from those who are not ill.
Disaster epidemiology
The use of epidemiology to assess the short and long term adverse health effects of disasters and to predict the consequences of future disasters. Includes the following areas:
- environmental health
-communicable disease
- occupational health
- chronic disease
- injury
- mental health
- behavioral health
Antigenic drift
Term describing changes that occur within a virus’s RNA that changes the virus (allows it to adapt)
Primary care
provision of integrated, accessibly health care services by clinicians who are accountable for addressing a large majority of personal health care needs, developing sustained partnerships with patients, and practicing in the context of family and community
Primary Health Care
Includes health promotion, disease prevention, and population level health.
What is the WHO?
a United Nations agency that connects nations, partners and people to keep the world safe and protect the vulnerable so people can attain the highest level of health.
What does the WHO do?
They seek to:
Expand universal health coverage
Coordinate a global response to health emergencies
Promote healthier lives
Promote use of science based interventions/programs
What are the SDGs?
Sustainable development goals.
They are a call to action to end poverty and inequality, protect the planet, and ensure that all people enjoy health, justice and prosperity.
What are the health effects of climate change?
- trauma from storms
- heat related disease and death
- respiratory diseases from air pollution
- malnutrition, vitamin/mineral deficiency, metabolic disease from increased food cost and less availability
- waterborne illness from disasters
- food borne illness
- PTSD, anxiety, depression, mental health trauma
- increase in diseases like dengue fever, malaria and Lyme disease (increased temperatures)
- forced migration causing overcrowding
Call to action
It falls to nurses and midwives, the most numerous and arguably most patient-centered component of the health workforce, to assume a leadership role in addressing planetary health.
* Leadership begins with educating ourselves, students, staff, patients, and communities.
*Engagement in political and policy processes are needed-and can take many forms.
*Local level sustainability and readiness is meaningful at one’s university, hospital, and or health system levels
Community needs assessment
Various kinds which use of statistics and other information relating to a certain area. After data analysis you uncover where the real needs are, tailor the problem solutions to the areas where they are needed most and divide resources to be as effective as possible. By comparing statistics and resources of several regions you will be able to see what health conditions exist in one region and not another.
Health impact assessment
Conducted to help communities and decision makers make choices that improve public health. This assessment helps to evaluate the positive and negative impacts of a health policy prior to implementation to help improve outcomes and reduce negative impact.
Ethics
Moral principles that govern a person’s behavior or conducting of an activity.
-in population health: identifying those most in need and with greater disparities and providing aid
Fairness
Impartial and just treatment or behavior without favoritism or discrimination.
Helping those with the greatest need without regard to color, race, gender etc.
Ensuring everyone has access to care, taking steps to minimize disparities, barriers and the social determinants of health
What methods are used to screen for health conditions that may have genetic connections?
Genetic lab tests
Molecular
Chromosomal
Biochemical
Genomic
Blood & urine tests
Single gene testing, panel testing, large scale or genomic testing.
What guidelines support evidence-based decision making in the area of genetics?
Clinical guidelines exist for individual conditions
The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) have guidelines to assist clinicians.
HP2020 and Genetics
Genetics plays a role in 9/10 leading causes of death including
Cancer
Heart disease
Stroke
Diabetes
Alzheimers
For those at increased risk for cancer early genetic testing may reduce their risk through early detection
