Week 4 Flashcards
Random Errors
Occur because of everyday variations that are expected and can be anticipated in some situations. Results in fluctuation of measurement of a variable around a true value. Less likely to distort results.
Scientific misconduct
Fraud which includes
- gift authorship
- data fabrication and falsification
- plagiarism
- conflict of interest
- includes problems with methodology and analysis which introduce bias and can cause problems with study results
Systematic errors
Occur due to inherent inaccuracies in measurement instrument or environment (room is too hot causing problems with interview responses)
Confounding errors
happens when it appears an association exists between exposure and outcome but in reality the association is confounded by another variable or exposure.
Elements of the Action Model
- Intervention (policies, programs, information)
- Determinants of health (social, physical, biological, genetic).
- Outcomes (how the interventions impact the determinants of health
- Assess, monitor, evaluate, disseminate (show results of interventions)
CIRCLE
Methods for measuring health outcomes
1) life expectancy from birth, or mortality rate
2) condition-specific changes in life expectancy, or condition-specific or age-specific mortality rates
3) self-reported level of health, functional status, and experiential status
Vital statistics
Website reliability
can provide both accurate and inaccurate health information and is often influenced by advertising and other factors. Information is not uniform across sites.
Rapid Cycle Improvement Model
IHI’s improvement model based on small frequent bundles of Plan, Do, Study, Act. Make small changes and repeat. Guides implementation and reassessment.
For example CLABSI bundle includes
1. Hand hygiene
2. Maximum barrier precautions
3. Chlorhexadine asepsis
4. Optimal site selection
5. Daily review of line necessity
How to determine rigor of internet website`
Ask these questions:
- Who runs the site
- Why have they created it
- Who is sponsoring it
- Does information favor the sponsor
- Where does the information come from? Is it expert reviewed.
- Is it up to date
- What is the privacy policy
Pandemic
a global epidemic of disease that spreads to more than one continent
Outbreak
the occurrence of disease within persons in excess of what would normally be expected in a clearly defined community, location, or time of year. An outbreak may only last for a matter of days or weeks, but may last for years.
Quarantine
the separation and restriction of the movement of people who were or are exposed to a contagious disease for a set period of time, to see whether they become ill
Isolation
the separation of sick people with a contagious disease from those who are not ill
Disaster Epidemiology
The use of epidemiology to assess the short- and long-term adverse health effects of disasters and to predict consequences of future disasters.
Brings together:
- acute and communicable disease
- environmental health, occupational health
- chronic disease
- injury
- mental health
- behavioral health
Antigenic drift
term describing the changes that occur within a virus’s RNA that changes the virus (adaptations)
