Week 2

Question 1

Probability

Answer 1

The study of the laws of chance

Question 2

Primary Prevention

Answer 2

preventing disease before it occurs

Question 3

Secondary Prevention

Answer 3

Screening and diagnosis of disease

Question 4

Tertiary Prevention

Answer 4

Interventions to facilitate rehabilitation or return to highest level of functioning while addressing risk factors that could cause deterioration in patient condition.

Question 5

Natural History of Disease

Answer 5

Nature of disease and how it progresses

Question 6

True positive

Answer 6

Occurs when the test correctly reports disease presence when the disease is in fact present

Question 7

False Positive

Answer 7

Occurs when the test incorrectly reports disease presence when disease is in fact absent

Question 8

False Negative

Answer 8

Occurs when the test incorrectly reports disease is not present when in fact it is present

Question 9

Internal Validity

Answer 9

Whether the study measures what it was supposed to measure

Question 10

External Validity

Answer 10

The generalizability of results to other populations

Question 11

Reliability

Answer 11

The ability of test results being replicated if the study is repeated

Question 12

Sensitivity

Answer 12

The ability of the test to correctly identify those that do have the disease, disorder or condition

Question 13

Specificity

Answer 13

The ability to the test to correctly identify those that do not have the disease, disorder or condition.

Question 14

Gold standard

Answer 14

Tests with 100% specificity and sensitivity

Question 15

Positive predictive value

Answer 15

The probability of a person actually having the disease when the screening or diagnostic test is positive

Question 16

Negative predictive value

Answer 16

The probability of a person being free of the disease when the screening or diagnostic test is negative.

Question 17

Clinically significant

Answer 17

Referring to results that have clinical significance

Question 18

Likelihood Ratio

Answer 18

Likelihood that a given test result would be expected in a patient with the target disorder compared to the likelihood that the same results would be expected in a patient without the disorder.
- useful for determining utility of a specific test
- how likely the patient has the disease or condition.

Question 19

Two stage testing

Answer 19

A less sensitive test is used first (lower cost and patient risk) if positive a more sensitive and specific test is done

Question 20

Continuous variable screening

Answer 20

Neither positive or negative but occur in a continuum of values. For example HbA1c or hemoglobin levels.

Question 21

Validity

Answer 21

The ability of a test to correctly distinguish who has a disease.

Question 22

Descriptive epidemiology

Answer 22

A way of organizing and analyzing data on health and disease in order to understand variations in disease frequency geographically and over time and how disease varies among people based on a host of personal characteristics.

Looks at the WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, WHY (HOW).

What - the health problems
Who - person affected (socio-demographic
characteristics of cases and including
variables such as age, ethnicity,
sex/gender, occupation, and
socioeconomic status)
Where - place (clustering, rural-urban status,
city, province/territory, or country)
When - time (when and over what time period
the illnesses occur and may describe a
point source epidemic, secular trends,
or temporal clustering)
Why (how) - causes, risk factors, modes of transmission

Question 23

Active surveillance

Answer 23

Data gathered on a case-by-case basis where each person’s information is added to a database.

Question 24

Passive surveillance

Answer 24

Information pulled from a database

Question 25

Hierarchy of Evidence

Answer 25

1. Systematic Reviews
2. RCTs
3. Cohort studies
4. Case-control studies
5. Case series, case-reports
6. Editorials/Expert opinions