Weeks 2 & 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Independent Variable

A

“cause,” controlled, x-axis.

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2
Q

Depedent Variable

A

“effect,” measured, y-axis.

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3
Q

Random Sample

A

When everyone in a target population has equal chance of being in the study.

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4
Q

Convenience Sample

A

Selecting people for the study who are easy and ready to recruit.

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5
Q

Theoretical Definition

A

What we think the concept is, broad, but straight forward. Ex: defining happiness.

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6
Q

Operational Definition

A

Defining the variable in terms of operations we will perform to measure it or manipulate it. More specific. (Ex: Number of times somebody smiles in a day).

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7
Q

If two variables correlate, what are three possible cause and effect relationships between them?

A

IV causes DV
DV causes IV (reverse causation)
Another variable affecting IV and/or DV (third variable)

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8
Q

Three conditions to prove cause and effect

A

association, temporal precedence, rule out alternative explanations.

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9
Q

Association

A

The cause and effect must correlate.

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10
Q

Temporal Precedence

A

Cause must precede the effect (directionality).

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11
Q

Ruling out alternative explanations

A

There should be no other plausible causes of the effect. (Third variable problem).

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12
Q

Manipulation

A

Participants forced to undergo one procedure or another. Controls extraneous variables.

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13
Q

Random Assignment

A

Everyone participating has an equal chance of being in every condition - removes potential third variable as all groups are on average the same before IV.

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14
Q

Internal Validity

A

The extent to which the relation between the operationally defined IV and operational defined DV is casual. Only high in experiments.

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15
Q

External Validity

A

The extent to which the relationship discovered between the conceptual IV and conceptual DV truly exists in desired “real-world” group. Higher for survey/correlational research.

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16
Q

Construct Validity

A

Quality of the operational definition.

17
Q

Statistical Validity

A

Extent to which the conclusions drawn from the data are supported by the quality of the data collected. Enhanced by larger sample sizes, larger effect sizes, and statistical procedure/control

18
Q

Staged Manipulations

A

Use elaborate ruse to create psychological state (natural response).

19
Q

Mundane Realism

A

The extent to which the study replicates conditions that occur in the real world.

20
Q

Experimental/Psychological Realism

A

The study creates real psychological states in the participants. How much it engages the participants. Same mental process used in both lab and real-world.

21
Q

Manipulation Checks

A

Try to directly measure the psychological state being created.

22
Q

Pilot Testing

A

Run small portion of your study first; look at data, debrief participants.

23
Q

Noise

A

Variability in resuslts.

24
Q

Confounds

A

Something other than IV that differs between conditions and provides a possible alternative explanation.

25
Q

Between-Subjects Designs/ Independent Groups Designs

A

When participants are only in one condition.

26
Q

Within-Subjects Design/Repeated Measures Designs

A

When each participant is in each condition. Quicker, more statistically powerful.

27
Q

Order Effect

A

The order of presenting treatments could affect your results.

28
Q

Practice Effect

A

Performance improves.

29
Q

Fatigue Effect

A

Performance worsens.

30
Q

Counterbalancing

A

Randomizing the order of events for different participants.

31
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Expectations about the study changing the participants’ behaviour.

32
Q

Experimenter Expectancy Effects

A

Person running study affects behaviour.

33
Q

Double-Blind Technique

A

Both experimenter and participant are unaware of the hypothesis.

34
Q

Block Randomization

A

All conditions randomly occur once before they are repeated for each participant.

35
Q

Context Effects

A

Being tested in one condition affecting how participants perceive stimuli or interpret their task in later conditions.

36
Q

Experiment

A

Study designed to specifically answer whether there is a casual relationship between two variables.
Includes manipulation, controlling extraneous variables.

37
Q

Waitlist Control Condition

A

Participants are told they’ll receive treatment but have to wait until participants in treatment condition have received it.

38
Q

Simultaneous Within-Subject Designs

A

Making multiple responses, presenting multiple conditions at once.

39
Q

If ___ is possible always do that

A

Within-Subjects.

Control extraneous participant variables, limit noise, easier to detect relationship.