Weeks 12-13 Flashcards
1
Q
what are the 6 types of cells in humans
A
Stem cells - can transform into any cell
Intestinal cells
red blood cells
Muscle cells
Liver cells
Nerve cells - most diverse
2
Q
what is a tissue
A
2 or more cells
3
Q
what are the 4 types of animal tissues
A
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
4
Q
what is Epithelial Tissue in animals
A
Covers outside of body, lines organs and cavities
5
Q
What is connective tissue in animals
A
Holds many types of tissue and organs together
ex. Blood
6
Q
what are Muscle tissue in animals
A
Responsible for Movement, heart contraction
7
Q
what are nervous tissue in animal cells
A
Recieves, processes and transmits information
cns vs pns
8
Q
what is the Stratified squamous epithelium tissue
A
stratified- layerd
squamous - shape ( round )
Found in places sceptical to injury
ex. tongue
9
Q
what is pseudostratified columnar epithelium tissue in animals
A
fake layerd
long tubular cells
10
Q
what is simple squamous epithelium tissue in animals
A
1 layer
mainly for gas exchange
ex. lungs
11
Q
what is simple columnar epithelium tissue in animals
A
collumous cells used for digestive lining and nutrient absorbtion
12
Q
what is cuboidial epithial tissue in animals
A
tube like tissue found in the linings of the kidneys also for absorbtion
13
Q
What are the 6 types of connective tissues
A
Loose connective tissue
Fiberous Connective tissue
Bone
Adipose tissue
Cartilage
Blood
14
Q
What are the 2 types of Adipose tissue
A
Fat cells
White- Body fat, Neutrient storage
Brown- Common in small mammels or infants whom are not yet capable of heat generation
15
Q
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue
A
Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
16
Q
What is Skeletal muscle tissue
A
important for.
Movement
Thermogeisis-Shivering
Posture
Breathing
17
Q
What is smooth muscular tissue
A
Important for Digestive tract
blood vessels
Pregnancy
18
Q
What are cardiac muscles
A
For
heart
Never get tired
19
Q
What are the 2 types of nervous tissue
A
Neurons
Gilia
20
Q
What are neurons
A
Tranmit eletrochemical signals
21
Q
What are glial cells
A
Form mylin sheath
help build blood brain barrier.
22
Q
What are organs in animals
A
a collection of tissues that have been adapted to perform a specific function.
23
Q
What are organ systems
A
Multiple organs linked together to accomplish an objective
24
Q
What systems are responsible for coordinating other organ systems
A
Endocrine system and Nervous system
25
What is the endocrine system
Coordinate digestion and metabolism using horromones
26
What is the nervous system
coordinates bodily activities using neurons
Helps with stimuli response
27
What is the rate of cellular exchange related to
cells surface area
28
What are 2 ways animals can mnage their internal enviroments
Regulate
conform
29
What is an osmo conformer
an organism that conforms with its environment via osmosis
30
what is an osmoregulator
an organism that remains within its zone of stability
it regulates it internal enviroment
31
What is a negative feedback pathway
the response opposes or removes the signal
32
what is a positive feedback pathway
the response reinforces the signal
not normally homeostasis
33
What is Osmoregulation
the process by which animals control their salute concentration and water volume
34
What is osmosis
the net movement of water accross a semipermeable membrane from a region of low salinity to high
35
What is the Osmolarity
total solute concentration
36
What is a semipermiable membrane
a membrane that allows water to freely pass but restricts the movement of solutes
37
What are two solutions with the same osmolarity called
isosmotic
water will not cross the membrane
38
What is a hyperosmotic solution
the solution with a greater concentration of solutes
39
What is a hypoosmotic solution
the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes
40
which direction does water flow on a concentration gradient
from hypoosmotic solution to hyperosmotic solution in order to dilute the other solution
41
what will happen to a cell in a hypotonic solution
Lysis
42
What will happen to cell in a hypertonic solution
Crenation
43
what is Blood osmotic pressure
Pressure applied to oppose the movement of water by osmosis
44
What happens to animals in fresh water
Gain ions through
-mouth
-gills
Loose ions through
-excretion
-Gills
-difussion
45
What happens to animals in saltwater
Gain ions
-mouth
-gills
Loose ions
-excretion
-Active excretion from gills
46
Are shark hypoosmotic
No
they contain high amounts of urea and trimethadione oxide
They are hyperosmotic but hypoionic
47
Why are kidneys important
conserving water
48
How do kidneys do their job
use millions of nephrons to filter water out of the bloodstream
49
What is a nephron
an elastic tubule that is comprised of many parts allowing blood to be filters of h2o and other ions and toxins
50
What is anti-diuretic Hormone
ADH
A negitive feedback pathway that allows the body to maintain homeostasis with its blood/ion concentraton
51
What does the loop of henle corrospond to In the kidneys
water reabsorbtion
52
What is thermoregulation
temperature regulation in organisms
53
why is thermoregulation important
most biochemical and physiological reactions are temperature-dependent
54
What is an Endotherm
An organism that generates Heat to maintain Optimal body temperature.
55
What is an Ectotherm
An organism that relys on its environment to maintain optimal body tepature
56
What is a homeotherm
An organism that needs to mantain a stable body tempature
57
What is an poikilotherm
An organism that allos their body temperature to fluctuate with the enviroment
58
what 4 ways do animals exchange heat
Radiation
Evaporation
Convection
Conduction
59
what is a form of evaporative heat loss
Sweating
Panting
60
What method of heat loss is Gular fluttering an example of
Convective and Evaporative
61
what is vesodiolation
When blood vessels expand or dialate to allow greater blood flow
62
What is Urohydrosis
The method that animals drficate onto themselvs to aid in evaporative heat loss
63
What are forms of insulators
Skin
hair
blubber
fur
feathers
64
What is countercurrent flow in animals
When blood flows in adjacent veins in opposite directions
the most effective form of heat transfer
65
What is shivering thermogenisis
The act of shivering creates body heat and increases oxygen consumption
66
what is normal Human body tempature
36-38˘C
67
What is a Metabolic rate
the ammount of energy an animal uses during a given time interval
Measured in Joules Or Kilokalories
4184J/Kcal
68
What is direct calorimetry
the ammount of heat generated is determined by metabolism
69
What is indirect calorimetry
The ammount of heat generate by the amount of oxygen consumed
70
how does size effect the metabolic rate of animals
Smaller animals have a higher metabolic rate per gram
larger animals have higher metabolic rates
71
What is regional Endothermy
large animals Regulate sections of body tempatures without regulating whole body tempature
72
How does climate change effect ectotherms
Can change their range or location as the ambient temperature changes
73
How do gasses (o2 and CO2) move
Diffusion
74
What is Partial Pressure
The pressure exerted by an individual gas in a mixture
75
What is the pathway of oxygen in through respiration
Breathing
Pulmonary difussion- Respiratory membrane
Circulatory Delivery
Tissue Difussion - Cell wall
Tissue Utilization
76
How to animals source O2
air or water
77
What do animals require to preform gas exchange
large, moits respitory surfaces
78
What are tracheal systems
found in terrestrial insects
no connection between respitory and circulatory system
Spiracles-> Tracheal tubes -> tracheoles
79
What are gills aquatic animals
out folds in the body of animals that preform gas exchange utilizing countercurrent exchange
80
what is countercurrent exchange
Most efficient gas exchange
Water and blood flow in opposite directions
81
What is Bimodial Breathing
mature amphibians use skin and lungs to exchange gasses
Younger forms use external gills while in water
82
What Are lungs
organs that the respiratory system uses to in most mammals, most adult amphibians, and some fish
83
what is unique about bird lungs
they have abdomial air sacs to supplement the low oxygen at heiger altitudes
84
What is crosscurrent gas exchange
Gas exchange that where blood flows almost perpendicular to the water holding the O2.
85
How do mammalian Lungs move air
pharynx -> Larynx -> Trechea -> Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> aveoli ( where gas exchange takes place)
86
What is the aveoli
The site of gas exchange in the lungs
87
What are the 2 types of cells in the aveoli
type 1 - Thin; allow gas exchange
type 2 -synthesize and secrete surfactant also helps provide structure
88
What is tidial exchange
the method in mammillian lungs use to cycle air
Air entering lungs is mixed with stale air exiting.
89
What is normal blood PH
–7.4
90
what 2 solutions have been developed to substitute diffusion
Body shape that provides more surface area
A circulatory system that pumps blood to these networks of surface area
91
What do some animals use in plane of circulatory systems
Cillia, flagella, gastrovascular cavaties
92
what is the circulatory system comprised of
circultory fluid
a set of interconnecting vessels
a muscular pump (heart)
93
What is the circulatory system for
gas exchange, Absorb neutrience, Transport horomones, immune cells
94
What is an open circulatory system
a system that allows the blood to travel through the body freely to deliver O2
95
What is a Hemolymph
an organism that has an open circulatory system
96
What is a closed circulatory system
a circulatory system that contains the blood throughout the whole system
Vessels deliver the blood near cells to prefer difussion
97
Where in the Circulatory system is difussion most efficient
the capillaries
98
What are advantages and disadvantages of closed Circulatory systems
Pro
- more effieicnt
-heigher pressure
can regulate the flow
Con
-energetically expensive
99
What is the Heart comprised of mainly
Atria- Recieve blood
Ventricles- pump blood out
100
What are the blood vessels mainly comprised of
ARTERIES - from heart to capillaries
Veins - From capillaries to heart
101
What is a single-circuit
Blood passes through the heart once
102
What is a double-circuit
Blood passes through the heart twice
Pulmonary circuit
Systemic circuit.
103
what type of circulation system do fish have
Single Circut
Bood pases through both the gill capillaries and the systemic capillaries before returning to the heart
104
What kind of a heart do fish have
a 4 chambered heart in series
105
What are the 4 parts of a fishes heart
Sinus Venosus
Atrium
Ventricle
Bulbus Arterious
106
What kind of circulatory circut do amphibians have
pulmocutaneous circuit
Incomplete sepiration
107
what are the benifits and limitations to the pulmocutaneous circuit of Amphibions
pro
Allows for blood to be shunted if underwater
Con
Still some mixing of blood in the ventricle
108
What kind of heart do amphibians have
three chambered heart
2 separate atria
one ventricle
109
what are the benifits and limitations of the reptiles circulatory system
pro
More separation of oxygen rich and pxygen poor blood
Still able to shunt
Con
still some mixing
110
What are the parts of the reptillian heart
Left atria
right atria
ventricle
111
Whats unique about crocidillian hearts to reptillian hearts
croc have 2 septate ventricles with a Forman of Panizza joining the 2 aortas
112
What are the benefits and limitations of the mammalian and avaion heart?
Pro
Allows for more oxygenation of tissue
(critical for endotherms)
con
Energetically expensive
113
What is the reason mammels and birds developed double circulations
-requore more O2
- Require more blood flow to tissue
- If systems were not divide would suffer from pulmonary edema.
114
What is pulmonary edema
fluid in the lungs
115
What is the superior side of the heart
the head side
116
What is the inferior side of the heart
the posterior or tail side
117
Where does blood flow from the Lungs
Lungs -> L. Atrium ( pulmanory) -> L. Ventricle (bicuspid) -> Body ( systemic)
118
Where does the blood flow from the body
Body -> R. Atrium ( superior and inferior) -> R. Ventricle (tricuspid) -> Lungs
119
What is the cycle of a heartbeat
From the beginning of a heartbeat to the beginning of then next
Contraction ( Systole)
Relaxation ( diastole)
120
What is the order of contractions in the heart
2Atria -> 2ventricle
121
How is Cardiac output measures
mL/min
