Midterm 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Autotroph
A
Makes own food
2
Q
Heterotroph
A
Eats other organisms
3
Q
Regulation/adaptation
A
Life only exists with an arrange tolerances
4
Q
Evolutionary adaptation
A
Ever changing environments means survival trades are constantly adapting
5
Q
Unity
A
When two species share certain traits from a common ancestor
6
Q
Prediction
A
An expected outcome if proposed plan is true
7
Q
Hypothesis
A
A tentative answer to a well formed question
8
Q
Observation
A
Gathering information using our senses, including using tools
9
Q
Theory
A
An explanation that is broad in scope than a hypothesis, theories are often supported by many different hypothesis
10
Q
Theory
A
An explanation that is broad in scope than a hypothesis, theories are often supported by many different hypothesis
11
Q
Control group
A
Group that receives no treatment and experiment
12
Q
Experimental group
A
Group that is manipulated by experimenters
13
Q
The acronym DRY MIX
A
Dependent
Responding
Y-axis
Manipulated
Independent/ control
X-axis
14
Q
Independent variable
A
Variable controlled by the researcher Control group
15
Q
Dependent variable
A
Variable measured by the researcher
16
Q
What is inductive reason?
A
General conclusions from specific observations
Bottom up
17
Q
What is deductive reasoning?
A
Specific observations from general premises
Top down
18
Q
Biosphere
A
Entire portion of earth inhabited by life
19
Q
Ecosystem
A
All living and non living things in a particular area
20
Q
Community
A
All of the living things that have a particular area, they interact with each other
The food web
21
Q
Population
A
Self sustaining unit of conspecifics
22
Q
Conspecifics
A
All of the same species
23
Q
Organism
A
The individual living unit
24
Q
Organ plus Organ systems
A
Body part that carries out a particular function
25
Tissue
An integrated group of cells with a common structure function or both
26
Cell
Fundamentalunit of structure and function
27
Molecules
Chemical structure, consisting of two or more atoms
28
4 primary macromolecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
29
Taxonomy
Branch of biology, responsible for naming and classifying organisms
30
Taxon
Group of organisms
31
Taxon
Group of organisms
32
Binomial nomenclature
Genus species
33
Hierarchy classification
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genius, species
34
What are the three domains?
Bacteria Archea Eucharia
35
Prokaryote
No nucleus
No other membrane bound organelles
Most have a cell wall
36
Eukaryote
Double membrane bound nucleus that contains DNA organized into chromosomes
Has other membrane bound, organelles such as the mitochondria, the ER and chloroplast
37
What are the four features of all Cell?
Enclosed by membrane
Have a cytoplasm
Use DNA as genetic material
The lowest level of organization that can be perform all activities required for life
38
What 6 things does something need to be considered alive
Adaptation
Reproduction
Growth
Organization
Metabolism
Response to stimulus
39
Domain: Bacteria
Most diverse prokaryotes
Multiple phylum
40
Domain: Archea
Extreme prokaryotes; live in extreme environments
Multiple phylum
41
Domain: Eukarya
All eucaryotic organisms
42
Kingdom : Plante of Eukarya
Multicellular eukaryotes that go through photosynthesis
43
Kingdom : Fungi of Eukarya
Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes that absorb nutrients from outside the body
44
Kingdom : Animalia of Eukarya
Multicellular eukaryotes, that ingest other organisms for food
45
Kingdom : Protista of Eukarya
Mostly unicellular eukaryotes
Some are closer related to fungi than themselves
46
LUCA
Last universal common ancestor
47
Monophyletic group
Includes the full branch
48
Paraphyletic group
Does not include all the descendants from one common ancestor
49
Polyphyletic group
Includes district relations, but not the most common ancestor
50
The 4 steps to synthesize life
Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
Joining small molecules into macro molecules
Packaging of molecules into protocells
Origin of self replicating molecules
51
Protocell
An abiotic precursor to living things
Resembles a vesicle
52
Equation for photosynthesis
6C02+6H2O ~> C6H12O6+6O2
53
What was the oxygen revolution?
When oxygen saturated the water and began to fill the atmosphere
54
Niche
Specific environmental and ecological conditions available for life to use
Who am I and Where do I work?
55
Nucleus
Contains the cell DNA
56
Mitochondria
Site of aerobic respiration it uses oxygen to produce energy
Contains its own
57
Mitochondria
Site of aerobic respiration it uses oxygen to produce energy
Contains its own
58
Chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis
Uses energy from sunlight to produce glucose
59
What are the 4 ways scientists think simple molecules were synthesized
- earths atmosphere was a reducing environment
- earths atmosphere was neutral, but around volcanic eruptions there was a reducing environment
- organic compounds formed near hydrothermal vents deep in the sea
- organic compounds travled here via meteor
60
What is endosymbiotic theory
-the theory that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes
- Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as prokaryotes
61
What supports endosymbiotic theory
- Inner structure is similar
- enzymes + transport systems are comparable
- replicate by splitting
- contain circular DNA
-Can transcribe and translate their own DNA
62
What was the Cambrian explosion
- Rapid diversification
- Most Modern Eukaryotes emerged then
- When enough oxygen became available to support large life systems
63
What is Cell theory
All Living Things are made of cells
64
What 4 things do all cells have
- A plasma Membrane
- Cytosol / cytoplasm
- DNA
- Ribosomes
65
What makes a Plasma Membrane
-Phospholipids
- Proteins
66
What passes through a semipermeable membrane the easiest
Lipid based solutions
67
What passes through a semipermeable membrane the easiest
Lipid based solutions
68
What is an Intergral Protein
A protein that passes through a phospholipid bilayer
A protein that operates as a channel to allow things to pass through a membrane
69
What is an peripheral protein
Protein attached to the surface of the bilayer
70
What are the DNA Base Pairs
Adenine - Thymine
Guanine - Cytosine
71
What bonds the base to the suggar
Covalent bond
72
What bonds the base pairs together
Hydrogen bond
73
What is a Histone
Protein that helps to condense the dna into chromatin
74
What is a Nucleosome
DNA wrapped around a core of 8 histones
75
Whats a Ribosome
-Carrys out Protein Synthesis
- Made of rRNA and Proteins
76
What is the smooth ER
In charge of lipid synthesis and calcium storage
77
What is the Rough ER
Full of Ribosomes
In charge of Protein Synthesis
78
What is the Golgi apparatus
Sorts, modifies and directs proteins + Lipids to Final destination
Makes lysosomes
Made of cisterne
79
Whats a Lysosome
Digestive system for the cell
Removes unwanted things
80
What is cisterne
Flattened membraneous stacks that make up the golgi body
81
What is the Mitochondria
Site of aerobic respiration
Has outer and inner membrane
82
What is the cytoskeleton
A network of fibers that extend through the cytoplasm
Centrosome
Microtubules
83
Whats the centrosome
The point the microtubules connect together
84
What are the microtubules
Grow from centrosome, helps in cell devision
85
4 things unique to plant cells
-Chloroplasts
- Large Vacoule
- Cell wall
- plasmodesmata
86
What is plasmodesmata
Intercellular connection
For cells to quickly share materials and information
87
Chloroplasts
Site of photosynthesis
88
What binary fission
A way in which prokaryotes divide
89
What is chromatin?
-DNA plus proteins
-It's long and stringy
90
What is a chromosome?
Condensed chroman
Most organized form of DNA
91
What is chromatid?
One of the two strands of a replicated chromosome
92
What is a somatic cell?
-non-reproductive
-diploid
Two sets of chromosomes
93
What is gamete
Reproductive cell
Sex cell
Haploid
One set of chromosomes
94
What is a karyotype?
A visual representation of the complete set of chromosomes
95
What is a homologous pair?
Almost identical chromosomes with varying alleles
96
What's a cohesion protein?
A protein that attaches sister chromatids together
97
What is mitosis?
Diffusion of genetic material
Splitting of somatic cells
98
What is cytokinesis?
Division of the cytoplasm
99
What part of the cell cycle is mitosis?
M phase
100
What are the four parts of the cell cycle?
G1
S
G2
M
101
What are the five stages of mitosis?
Prophase
Pro metaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
102
What happened in G2 of the cell cycle?
Nuclear envelope encloses nucleus
Still has nucleoli
Two centrosomes form
Chromosomes are not yet condensed
103
What is nucleoli
Large structure within nucleus, where ribosomes are made
104
What is prophase?
Chromatin condenses
Nucleioli disappear
Chromosomes appear as sister chromatids joined at centromeres
Mitotic spindle begins to form
Centrosomes move away from each other
105
What is mitotic spindle?
Microtubule structure that segregates chromosomes
106
What happens in prometaphase?
Nuclear envelope fragments
Kineticores form on chromatids
Microtubules attached to kineticores
Non-kineticore microtubules interact
107
What happens in metaphase?
Centrosomes form at opposite poles
Chromosomes line along the metaphase plate
Sister chromatids attach to kineticores
Spindle fibre pole, but not hard enough to split chromosomes
108
What happens in anaphase?
Sister chromatids separate
Cohesion proteins are cleaved
Daughter chromosomes moved towards opposite ends of cell
Non-kineticore microtubules Lengthen the cell
109
What happens in telophase
Two nuclei form
Nuclei reappear
Chromosomes become less condensed
Spindle fibres depolymerize
110
What is cytokinesis?
Diffusion of cytoplasm that is started in telophase
111
Do molecular signals in the cytoplasm regulate the cell cycle
Yes
112
What does the G1 checkpoint look for?
Cell size
Nutrient plus energy
DNA damage
Growth factors
113
What does the G2 phase checkpoint look for?
DNA damage
Completion of DNA replication
114
What does the M phase checkpoint look for?
Chromosome arrangement at metaphase plate
115
What is asexual reproduction?
Single individual passes jeans without fusion of gametes
Offspring, our clones
Budding
116
What is sexual reproduction?
Two parents give rise to offspring with unique combinations of genes inherited from both parents
117
What are genes
Unit of heredity
Made of DNA
118
What are homologous chromosomes?
They're the same length same gene position
They carry the jeans for the same traits
One maternal one paternal
119
Homozygous
Genes display, same trait
120
HeteroZygous
Both of alleles show different traits
121
What are Autosomes
Generic chromosomes
122
What is meiosis?
Reduces number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid
Produces for unidentical daughter cells
123
What happens in prophase 1
Crossing over occours
Nuclear membrane breaks down
Spindle fibers form
Centrosomes move to ends of cell
Homologous Chromosomes pair up
124
When does crossing over occour
Prophase 1
125
What does in synapse mean
Crossing over
126
What is charismata
The points of attachment where the homologous chromosome are crossing over
127
What happens in pro-metaphase 1
Centrosomes move
Spindles form
Nuclear envelope breaks down
Microtubules attach to kinetochore
128
What happens in metaphase 1
Pairs of homologous chromosomes line the metaphase plate
Homologs attach to kinetichore
129
What happens in anaphase 1
Cohesions break down and homologs seperate
Chromatids remain connected
130
What happens in telophase 1
2 Haploid daughter cells
Nuclear membrane reforms
131
What happens in prophase 2
Spindle fibres reform
Chromosomes are now comprised of 2 chromosomes
132
What happens in metaphase 2
Chromosomes align along the metaphase plate
Kineticores attach to chromatids
133
What happens in anaphase 2
Cohesion proteins breakdown
Chromatids are pulled appart
134
What happens in telophase 2
Nuclei form
Chromosomes de condense
4 genetically different daughter cells emerge
135
What are 3 differences between mitosis and meiosis
Number of divisions
Number of daughter cells produced
Role in the body
136
When did prokaryotes emerge
Archean era (~3.5bya)
137
When was the oxygen revolution
~ 2.5 bya
138
Whats a stromatolite
Prokaryotes bind thin layers of sediment together
139
When did single celled eukaryotes emerge
~1.7 bya
140
When did multicellular eukaryotes energe
~ 1.3bya
