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Bio 1001 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Autotroph

A

Makes own food

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2
Q

Heterotroph

A

Eats other organisms

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3
Q

Regulation/adaptation

A

Life only exists with an arrange tolerances

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4
Q

Evolutionary adaptation

A

Ever changing environments means survival trades are constantly adapting

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5
Q

Unity

A

When two species share certain traits from a common ancestor

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6
Q

Prediction

A

An expected outcome if proposed plan is true

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7
Q

Hypothesis

A

A tentative answer to a well formed question

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8
Q

Observation

A

Gathering information using our senses, including using tools

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9
Q

Theory

A

An explanation that is broad in scope than a hypothesis, theories are often supported by many different hypothesis

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10
Q

Theory

A

An explanation that is broad in scope than a hypothesis, theories are often supported by many different hypothesis

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11
Q

Control group

A

Group that receives no treatment and experiment

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12
Q

Experimental group

A

Group that is manipulated by experimenters

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13
Q

The acronym DRY MIX

A

Dependent
Responding
Y-axis

Manipulated
Independent/ control
X-axis

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14
Q

Independent variable

A

Variable controlled by the researcher Control group

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15
Q

Dependent variable

A

Variable measured by the researcher

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16
Q

What is inductive reason?

A

General conclusions from specific observations
Bottom up

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17
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

Specific observations from general premises
Top down

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18
Q

Biosphere

A

Entire portion of earth inhabited by life

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19
Q

Ecosystem

A

All living and non living things in a particular area

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20
Q

Community

A

All of the living things that have a particular area, they interact with each other
The food web

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21
Q

Population

A

Self sustaining unit of conspecifics

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22
Q

Conspecifics

A

All of the same species

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23
Q

Organism

A

The individual living unit

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24
Q

Organ plus Organ systems

A

Body part that carries out a particular function

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25
Q

Tissue

A

An integrated group of cells with a common structure function or both

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26
Q

Cell

A

Fundamentalunit of structure and function

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27
Q

Molecules

A

Chemical structure, consisting of two or more atoms

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28
Q

4 primary macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

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29
Q

Taxonomy

A

Branch of biology, responsible for naming and classifying organisms

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30
Q

Taxon

A

Group of organisms

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31
Q

Taxon

A

Group of organisms

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32
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

Genus species

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33
Q

Hierarchy classification

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genius, species

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34
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Bacteria Archea Eucharia

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35
Q

Prokaryote

A

No nucleus
No other membrane bound organelles
Most have a cell wall

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36
Q

Eukaryote

A

Double membrane bound nucleus that contains DNA organized into chromosomes
Has other membrane bound, organelles such as the mitochondria, the ER and chloroplast

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37
Q

What are the four features of all Cell?

A

Enclosed by membrane
Have a cytoplasm
Use DNA as genetic material
The lowest level of organization that can be perform all activities required for life

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38
Q

What 6 things does something need to be considered alive

A

Adaptation
Reproduction
Growth
Organization
Metabolism
Response to stimulus

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39
Q

Domain: Bacteria

A

Most diverse prokaryotes
Multiple phylum

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40
Q

Domain: Archea

A

Extreme prokaryotes; live in extreme environments
Multiple phylum

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41
Q

Domain: Eukarya

A

All eucaryotic organisms

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42
Q

Kingdom : Plante of Eukarya

A

Multicellular eukaryotes that go through photosynthesis

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43
Q

Kingdom : Fungi of Eukarya

A

Unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes that absorb nutrients from outside the body

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44
Q

Kingdom : Animalia of Eukarya

A

Multicellular eukaryotes, that ingest other organisms for food

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45
Q

Kingdom : Protista of Eukarya

A

Mostly unicellular eukaryotes
Some are closer related to fungi than themselves

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46
Q

LUCA

A

Last universal common ancestor

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47
Q

Monophyletic group

A

Includes the full branch

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48
Q

Paraphyletic group

A

Does not include all the descendants from one common ancestor

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49
Q

Polyphyletic group

A

Includes district relations, but not the most common ancestor

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50
Q

The 4 steps to synthesize life

A

Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
Joining small molecules into macro molecules
Packaging of molecules into protocells
Origin of self replicating molecules

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51
Q

Protocell

A

An abiotic precursor to living things
Resembles a vesicle

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52
Q

Equation for photosynthesis

A

6C02+6H2O ~> C6H12O6+6O2

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53
Q

What was the oxygen revolution?

A

When oxygen saturated the water and began to fill the atmosphere

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54
Q

Niche

A

Specific environmental and ecological conditions available for life to use
Who am I and Where do I work?

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55
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains the cell DNA

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56
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration it uses oxygen to produce energy
Contains its own

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57
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration it uses oxygen to produce energy
Contains its own

58
Q

Chloroplast

A

Site of photosynthesis
Uses energy from sunlight to produce glucose

59
Q

What are the 4 ways scientists think simple molecules were synthesized

A
  • earths atmosphere was a reducing environment
  • earths atmosphere was neutral, but around volcanic eruptions there was a reducing environment
  • organic compounds formed near hydrothermal vents deep in the sea
  • organic compounds travled here via meteor
60
Q

What is endosymbiotic theory

A

-the theory that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes
- Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as prokaryotes

61
Q

What supports endosymbiotic theory

A
  • Inner structure is similar
  • enzymes + transport systems are comparable
  • replicate by splitting
  • contain circular DNA
    -Can transcribe and translate their own DNA
62
Q

What was the Cambrian explosion

A
  • Rapid diversification
  • Most Modern Eukaryotes emerged then
  • When enough oxygen became available to support large life systems
63
Q

What is Cell theory

A

All Living Things are made of cells

64
Q

What 4 things do all cells have

A
  • A plasma Membrane
  • Cytosol / cytoplasm
  • DNA
  • Ribosomes
65
Q

What makes a Plasma Membrane

A

-Phospholipids
- Proteins

66
Q

What passes through a semipermeable membrane the easiest

A

Lipid based solutions

67
Q

What passes through a semipermeable membrane the easiest

A

Lipid based solutions

68
Q

What is an Intergral Protein

A

A protein that passes through a phospholipid bilayer
A protein that operates as a channel to allow things to pass through a membrane

69
Q

What is an peripheral protein

A

Protein attached to the surface of the bilayer

70
Q

What are the DNA Base Pairs

A

Adenine - Thymine
Guanine - Cytosine

71
Q

What bonds the base to the suggar

A

Covalent bond

72
Q

What bonds the base pairs together

A

Hydrogen bond

73
Q

What is a Histone

A

Protein that helps to condense the dna into chromatin

74
Q

What is a Nucleosome

A

DNA wrapped around a core of 8 histones

75
Q

Whats a Ribosome

A

-Carrys out Protein Synthesis
- Made of rRNA and Proteins

76
Q

What is the smooth ER

A

In charge of lipid synthesis and calcium storage

77
Q

What is the Rough ER

A

Full of Ribosomes
In charge of Protein Synthesis

78
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus

A

Sorts, modifies and directs proteins + Lipids to Final destination
Makes lysosomes
Made of cisterne

79
Q

Whats a Lysosome

A

Digestive system for the cell
Removes unwanted things

80
Q

What is cisterne

A

Flattened membraneous stacks that make up the golgi body

81
Q

What is the Mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration
Has outer and inner membrane

82
Q

What is the cytoskeleton

A

A network of fibers that extend through the cytoplasm
Centrosome
Microtubules

83
Q

Whats the centrosome

A

The point the microtubules connect together

84
Q

What are the microtubules

A

Grow from centrosome, helps in cell devision

85
Q

4 things unique to plant cells

A

-Chloroplasts
- Large Vacoule
- Cell wall
- plasmodesmata

86
Q

What is plasmodesmata

A

Intercellular connection
For cells to quickly share materials and information

87
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis

88
Q

What binary fission

A

A way in which prokaryotes divide

89
Q

What is chromatin?

A

-DNA plus proteins
-It’s long and stringy

90
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Condensed chroman
Most organized form of DNA

91
Q

What is chromatid?

A

One of the two strands of a replicated chromosome

92
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

-non-reproductive
-diploid
Two sets of chromosomes

93
Q

What is gamete

A

Reproductive cell
Sex cell
Haploid
One set of chromosomes

94
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

A visual representation of the complete set of chromosomes

95
Q

What is a homologous pair?

A

Almost identical chromosomes with varying alleles

96
Q

What’s a cohesion protein?

A

A protein that attaches sister chromatids together

97
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Diffusion of genetic material
Splitting of somatic cells

98
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Division of the cytoplasm

99
Q

What part of the cell cycle is mitosis?

A

M phase

100
Q

What are the four parts of the cell cycle?

A

G1
S
G2
M

101
Q

What are the five stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase
Pro metaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

102
Q

What happened in G2 of the cell cycle?

A

Nuclear envelope encloses nucleus
Still has nucleoli
Two centrosomes form
Chromosomes are not yet condensed

103
Q

What is nucleoli

A

Large structure within nucleus, where ribosomes are made

104
Q

What is prophase?

A

Chromatin condenses
Nucleioli disappear
Chromosomes appear as sister chromatids joined at centromeres
Mitotic spindle begins to form
Centrosomes move away from each other

105
Q

What is mitotic spindle?

A

Microtubule structure that segregates chromosomes

106
Q

What happens in prometaphase?

A

Nuclear envelope fragments
Kineticores form on chromatids
Microtubules attached to kineticores
Non-kineticore microtubules interact

107
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Centrosomes form at opposite poles
Chromosomes line along the metaphase plate
Sister chromatids attach to kineticores
Spindle fibre pole, but not hard enough to split chromosomes

108
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids separate
Cohesion proteins are cleaved
Daughter chromosomes moved towards opposite ends of cell
Non-kineticore microtubules Lengthen the cell

109
Q

What happens in telophase

A

Two nuclei form
Nuclei reappear
Chromosomes become less condensed
Spindle fibres depolymerize

110
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Diffusion of cytoplasm that is started in telophase

111
Q

Do molecular signals in the cytoplasm regulate the cell cycle

A

Yes

112
Q

What does the G1 checkpoint look for?

A

Cell size
Nutrient plus energy
DNA damage
Growth factors

113
Q

What does the G2 phase checkpoint look for?

A

DNA damage
Completion of DNA replication

114
Q

What does the M phase checkpoint look for?

A

Chromosome arrangement at metaphase plate

115
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Single individual passes jeans without fusion of gametes
Offspring, our clones
Budding

116
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Two parents give rise to offspring with unique combinations of genes inherited from both parents

117
Q

What are genes

A

Unit of heredity
Made of DNA

118
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

They’re the same length same gene position
They carry the jeans for the same traits
One maternal one paternal

119
Q

Homozygous

A

Genes display, same trait

120
Q

HeteroZygous

A

Both of alleles show different traits

121
Q

What are Autosomes

A

Generic chromosomes

122
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Reduces number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid
Produces for unidentical daughter cells

123
Q

What happens in prophase 1

A

Crossing over occours
Nuclear membrane breaks down
Spindle fibers form
Centrosomes move to ends of cell
Homologous Chromosomes pair up

124
Q

When does crossing over occour

A

Prophase 1

125
Q

What does in synapse mean

A

Crossing over

126
Q

What is charismata

A

The points of attachment where the homologous chromosome are crossing over

127
Q

What happens in pro-metaphase 1

A

Centrosomes move
Spindles form
Nuclear envelope breaks down
Microtubules attach to kinetochore

128
Q

What happens in metaphase 1

A

Pairs of homologous chromosomes line the metaphase plate
Homologs attach to kinetichore

129
Q

What happens in anaphase 1

A

Cohesions break down and homologs seperate
Chromatids remain connected

130
Q

What happens in telophase 1

A

2 Haploid daughter cells
Nuclear membrane reforms

131
Q

What happens in prophase 2

A

Spindle fibres reform
Chromosomes are now comprised of 2 chromosomes

132
Q

What happens in metaphase 2

A

Chromosomes align along the metaphase plate
Kineticores attach to chromatids

133
Q

What happens in anaphase 2

A

Cohesion proteins breakdown
Chromatids are pulled appart

134
Q

What happens in telophase 2

A

Nuclei form
Chromosomes de condense
4 genetically different daughter cells emerge

135
Q

What are 3 differences between mitosis and meiosis

A

Number of divisions
Number of daughter cells produced
Role in the body

136
Q

When did prokaryotes emerge

A

Archean era (~3.5bya)

137
Q

When was the oxygen revolution

A

~ 2.5 bya

138
Q

Whats a stromatolite

A

Prokaryotes bind thin layers of sediment together

139
Q

When did single celled eukaryotes emerge

A

~1.7 bya

140
Q

When did multicellular eukaryotes energe

A

~ 1.3bya

Bio 1001 (1 decks)

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