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week2 Flashcards

1
Q

1What is the process of respiration?

A

Respiration is the process in which the body’s cells are supplied with O2 and CO2 is eliminated from the body.

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2
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

It is the movement of gasses across the cell membrane in the systemic capillary

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3
Q

What is external respiration?

A

It is the movement of gasses across the cell membrane in the alveolar capillary circulation

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4
Q

What is the VQ Ratio?

A

The VQ Ratio is the relationship between ventilation (V) and perfusion (Q)
It is the balance between alveoli ventilation and vascular perfusion

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5
Q

What is the normal alveolar Ventilation rate?

A

4L/min

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6
Q

What is the normal pulmonary perfusion rate?

A

5L/min

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7
Q

What is the normal VQ Ratio?

A

0.8

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8
Q

Ventilation

A

mechanical movement of air to and from the atmosphere and the alveolar (in and out of the lungs)

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9
Q

Perfusion

A

the pumping or flow of blood into the tissues and organs

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10
Q

What happens when ventilation is reduced in the VQ ratio?

A

The VQ ratio reduces and the patient becomes hypoxic

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11
Q

What happens when the perfusion is reduced in the VQ ratio?

A

VQ ratio increases and the patient becomes hypoxaemic

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12
Q

What is non-invasive ventilation (NIV)?

A

A non-invasive system which delivers positive pressure breaths to a patient who is breathing spontaneously (Devices include CPAP, BiPAP)

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13
Q

What is mechanical ventilation?

A

Invasive positive pressure ventilation, usually used when a patient has inadequate breathing pattern or rate.

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14
Q

Discuss nursing care of the patient with altered gas exchange

A

Monitor resp rate & pattern
monitor tidal volume
Check for cyanosis
Check GCS

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15
Q

What is the normal acid-base balance Ph of the blood?

A

7.35-7.45

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16
Q

What is the normal PaO2?

A

80-100mmHg

17
Q

What is the normal PaCO2?

18
Q

What is the normal HCO3 (bicarb)?

A

22-26mmol/l

19
Q

What is the normal BE (base excess)?

A

+/- 3mmol/l

20
Q

What is the normal Oxygen saturation?

A

> 94.5 – 98.2%

21
Q

What are the ABG signs of Respiratory Alkalosis?

A

PACO2 of Below 35mmHg

22
Q

What are the ABG signs of Respiratory Acidosis?

A

PaCO2 of above 45mmHg

23
Q

What are the ABG signs of Hypoxaemia?

A

PaO2 levels below 80mmHg

24
Q

What are the ABG signs of Metabolic (blood) Acidosis?

A

HCO3 below 22mmol/l

25
Q

What are the ABG signs of Metabolic Alkalosis?

A

HCO3 above 26mmol/l

26
Q

How do we tell if a patient is (Ph) compensating or not?

A 
uncompensated = Ph, PaCO2 & HCO3 abnormal
compensated = Ph normal, PaCO2 & HCO3 are abnormal
27
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of type 1 respiratory failure?

A

Hypoxaemic
low PaO2
normal/low PaCO2
mismatch between ventilation and perfusion

28
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of type 2 respiratory failure?

A

Hypercapnoeic/hypoxaemic
High PaCO2 & Low PaO2
Alveolar hypoventilation

29
Q

What is the Oxygen Cascade?

A

The oxygen cascade describes the process of decreasing oxygen pressure from atmosphere to mitochondria

30
Q

What are high flow delivery systems?

A

High flow delivery systems are oxygen delivery systems which guarantee FIO2 irrespective of breathing pattern, high and low concentrations are both possible (e.g. Venturi mask)

31
Q

What are low flow delivery systems?

A

Low flow delivery systems are oxygen delivery systems which mix with room air and are influenced by breathing patterns. (e.g. nasal prongs, Hudson mask, non-rebreather)

32
Q

What is Amoxicillin?

A

A moderate spectrum beta lactamase sensitive aminopenicillin used for gram negative bacteria (e.g. influence

Dosage
Adults – 250mg 8 hourly
Children – 20mg/kg/day divided into 8 hourly doses
Repeat 4-6 hrs
PRN – Emergency
33
Q

What are some possible reactions to Amoxicillin?

A 
Anaphylaxis			
Rash			
Urticaria
Nausea				
Vomiting		
Diarrhoea

Contraindications
Sensitivity to penicillins or cephalosporins

34
Q

What is paracetamol?

A

It is an analgesic and antipyretic which inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in the CNS

Peaks 20-120 mins average 51mins
Half life 6 hrs

Dosage
Adults – 1G every 4 hours (Maximum daily dose of 4G)
Children – 15mg/KG (max 60 - 90mg/kg/day)

35
Q

What are possible reactions to paracetamol?

A

Allergic reactions
Dyspepsia
Nausea Haematological reactions (Blood)

Contraindications
Other paracetamol containing drugs

36
Q

What is the treatment for an overdose of paracetamol?

A
  • Gastric Lavage (pump stomach) if within 1 hour of ingestion
  • Administration of Acetylcysteine if within 4hrs post ingestion with a maintenance dose for 21 hrs
  • Multiple bloods for hepatic function testing

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