week12 Flashcards
What two organs are important to check after trauma in relation to internal bleeding?
Spleen
Liver
What are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen called?
Right upper quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left lower quadrant
Who is most at risk of trauma to the kidneys?
Elderly
Children
Athletes/sport players
Motor bike riders
What is a possible complication of a broken pelvis due to trauma?
Transection of femoral arteries
What are possible complications that can arise in relation to the gallbladder?
Gallstones
Inflammation
Infection
What are some causes of abdominal complications?
Infection Trauma Inflammation Pre-existing conditions Cancer Organ failure
What is the most common type of cancer in Australia in 2015?
Prostate cancer
What are the 2 types of renal failure?
Acute renal failure (ARF)
Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
How many nephrons approximately does each kidney have?
Approximately 1 million
What are the 3 stages of renal failure?
Pre-renal failure
Intra-renal
Post-renal
What does pre-renal mean?
Affected by things outside the kidney – e.g. blood flow
What does intra-renal mean?
Affected by a mechanism within the kidney
What does post-renal mean?
Affected by a mechanism below the kidneys – e.g. in the bladder
What is a possible cause of pre-renal failure?
Hypovolaemia Decreased cardiac function
Decreased peripheral vascular decreased renovsascular blood flow
What are the possible causes of intrarenal failure?
Acute Tubular Neurosis Glomerulonephritis
Nephrotoxicity Vascular insufficiency
What are the possible causes of post-renal failure?
Benign prostatic hyperplasia Bladder cancer
Calculi formation Neuromuscular disorders
Spinal cord disease Strictures
Trauma to the back pelvis or perineum
What is Acute Tubular Neurosis (ATN)?
Damage to the tubular portion of the nephron
What is glomerulonephritis?
An infective or inflammatory process damaging glomerular membrane, it is usually autoimmune and causes tubular congestion and nephron failure
What are some causes of nephrotoxicity?
Drugs Antibiotics
Anti-inflammatories Cancer drugs
Radio opaque dies
What is the RIFLE assessment technique in ARF?
A tool used to identify a patient’s risk for ARF in conjunction with assessments such as renal output, HR, BP
What is the clinical management of a patient with ARF?
Reducing further damage – IV fluid resuscitation, Check for renal flow obstruction, cease/modify nephrotoxic agents & treat infection with alternate/less toxic antibiotic
Nutrition
Renal replacement therapy (RRT)
What is the criteria for renal replacement therapy?
If the patient has one of the select criteria RRT may be commenced, if the patient has 2 or more of the selection criteria RRT is mandatory and urgent.
What are the different renal therapy options?
Peritoneal dialysis
Haemodialysis
Renal transplant
What is liver failure and what are the 2 types?
Liver failure is the inability of the liver to perform its normal synthetic and metabolic function as part of normal physiology
The 2 types are; Acute and Chronic
What is acute liver failure?
It is the rapid development of hepatocellular dysfunction in a patient without known prior liver disease
What is chronic liver failure?
Liver failure that develops over time due to conditions such as; Hep B & C, alcohol, metabolic or autoimmune conditions
What are some of the consequence of liver failure?
Hepatic Encephalopathy Hepatorenal Syndrome
Varices/Variceal bleeding Ascites
Respiratory compromise
What are the 3 different types of liver transplantations techniques?
Orthotopic liver transplantation
Split-liver transplantation
Adult-living donor transplantation
What are the routes which a drug for cardiac arrest can be given?
Intra-osseous (IO)
IV
ETT
What are some drugs used for cardiac arrest and their actions?
Adrenaline – peripheral vasoconstriction
Amiodarone – antiarrhythmic
Calcium – myocardial excitability
Lignocaine – for VF/VT
Magnesium – myocardial hyper excitability
Potassium – increase potassium levels if too low
