week two study tips Flashcards
how do plants make carbs?
green plants use energy from the sun, carbon dioxide and water to create glucose (simple carb) and oxygen, glucose is stored or metabolized to form starch and fiber (complex carbs).
what is a monosaccharide? name the 3 monosaccharides and their major characteristics.
glucose: major mono, part of every di and polysach, aka dextrose, called blood sugar, energy for cells (esp, brain, nervous system, RBC), main source = breakdown of starches and sucrose fructose: sweetest, in sucrose (table sugar), fruit, honey, HFCS, converted to glucose in liver galactose: found in lactose, sugar in milk, converted to glucose in liver
what are the steps to carbohydrate conversion to glucose
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what are the 3 names of disaccharides and a major source for each?
disacs are simple sugars: sucrose (gluc + fruc): sugar–sugar can, sugar beets, honey, maple sugar lactose (gala+gluc): milk products maltose (gluc + gluc): digestion of starch, barley, role in fermentation and alcohol production
what are the 3 types of polysacs. how are they digested? what are their purposes?
starches (amylose, amylopectin): digestible, made in plants dietary fiber: indigestible, fermented in colon glycogen: storage from of glucose
as you may know, enzymes work on glucose molecules at then ends of each branch. which starch is metabolized more quickly and what effect will this have on blood glucose?
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what is the importance of glycogen being more highly branched in regards to metabolism?
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why is it important to break down glycogen stores quickly?
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when do you use glucose from glycogen stores as opposed to from food you just consumed?
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what if you run out of glycogen? will fat convert to glucose? will the body break down protein for conversion to glucose?
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with limited storage capacity of glucose as glycogen, what happens to excess glucose consumed?
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why can’t cellulose and other plant materials be digested? what are some examples of starch and cellulose?
the body cannot break down the bonds (the beta linkages between cellulose are not digestible and must past through GI tract)
what is the difference between soluble and insoluble fiber?
insoluble fiber comes from unrefined whole grains, wheat, rye, rice, and vegetables. its forms are cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. and it non-fermentable by the bacteria in the colon and does not dissolve in water. it adds to ‘roughage’ or fecal bulk and decreases intestinal transit time (ya poop faster). soluble fiber comes from fruit, vegetables, rice bran, psyllium seed, barley, oats, and beans. its forms are gum, pectin, and mucilage. it is a viscous fiber that swells and dissolves in water and can be fermented in the colon, providing energy to that area. it delays gastric emptying, results in a slow and steady glucose absorption, and binds (lowers) cholesterol.
how can fiber help with: constipation, hemorrhoids, and diverticula? which is most helpful in each situation?
constipation: soluble fiber; can be broken down, fermented, and dissolved hemorrhoids: soluble, for similar reasons listed above. an non-stressed bowel movement is needed diverticula:
how can fiber help in blood glucose control?
soluble fiber slows glucose absorption, decreasing insulin production and increasing satiety, resulting in better blood glucose regulation*
study the 2nd slide on page 27 of chapter 4 lecture
fill in the blanks:
- elevated blood _________
- _________ releases insulin
- _________ transported into cells
- conversion of _________ into _________
- normalization of _________
- low blood _________
- pancreas releases _________
- _________ gluconeogensis
- breakdown of _________ to _________
- normalization of _________
- glucose
- pancreas
- glucose
- glucose; glycogen
- blood glucose
- glucose
- glucagon
- increased
- glycogen; glucose
- blood glucose
