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Human Nutrition Midterm 1: Chapters 1&2, 4&8, 5&8, 6-7&12 > week one study tips > Flashcards

week one study tips Flashcards

1
Q

in what ways are chronic diseases preventable and not preventable? what chronic diseases do poor diet and sedentary lifestyle contribute to?

A

.

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2
Q

why are essential nutrients essential? give the 3 defining elements of essential nutrients.

A
  • has a specific biological function
  • when removed, function ceases to happen and a deficiency is experienced
  • function returns when reintroduced to diet
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3
Q

list general sources for each energy yielding nutrient.

A

.

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4
Q

name the 6 classes of nutrients and list their characteristics and how our body uses them.

A

.

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5
Q

understand the general roles and functions of each class of nutrient

A

.

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6
Q

define dietary fiber. is fiber digested like other carbohydrates? why or why not?

A

.

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7
Q

what is the difference between simple and complex carbs? what are their sources?

A

simple primarily come from fruits veggies dairy and complex carbs occur when simple sugars are joined together

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8
Q

are all vitamins vulnerable to destruction?

A

yes, but water soluble ones are much more susceptible to destruction by cooking

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9
Q

how can minerals be lost during cooking?

A

dissolved in water

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10
Q

what are general sources of phytochemicals?

A

.

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11
Q

what part of the essential nutrient definition do phytochemicals not fulfill?

A

if removed from the body, they don’t cause detriment

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12
Q

how much entry does each macronutrient yield? which one gives us the greatest percentage of energy?

A

.

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13
Q

refer to page 15 of the chapter 1 lecture: how many calories are in the burger patty?

A

.

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14
Q

what are the similarities and differences between the 5 types of experiments?

A

.

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15
Q

how does obesity differ from being overweight? explain the statistical impact of obesity on American health.

A

.

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16
Q

understand the FNB recommendations for %kcal from macronutrients.

A

.

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17
Q

what are the goals of healthy people 2020?

A

.

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18
Q

understand the TDL and HPDP and their effects on health

A

.

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19
Q

how many pounds do freshmen typically gain?

A

.

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20
Q

how does moderate drinking differ from binge drinking?

A

bing drinking = greater than 4-5 drinks in a row (women/men)

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21
Q

what is alcohol use disorder and how does it differ from alcoholism?

A

.

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22
Q

what are the differences between variety, balance, and moderation?

A

.

23
Q

what is nutrient density and how does it differ from energy density? in the following pairs, how could you tell which has the most energy density: donut/bagel, apple/granola bar, steak/grilled chicken

A

.

24
Q

how can we apply the concepts of energy and nutrient density towards healthy eating? would thee. d a advantage to consuming more nutrient dense, less energy dense foods at a meal?

A

.

25
Q

what is malnutrition? why are overnutrition and undernutrition both considered malnutrition?

A

.

26
Q

what are the ABCDEs and their assessments?

A

.

27
Q

explain the limitations of a nutritional assessment

A

.

28
Q

define RDA, AI, EER and UL.

A

.

29
Q

what parts and mandatory and what parts are voluntary on a food label?

A

.

30
Q

what is the difference between a health claim and a nutrient claim?

A

.

31
Q

what are the differences between hunger and appetite? when do we experience them (provide examples)?

A

.

32
Q

define anabolic and catabolic

A

.

33
Q

what are the general functions of the: cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, cell nucleus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, golgi complex, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, peroxisome?

A

.

34
Q

what is the function and purpose of the organelles?

A

.

35
Q

where is the genetic material for a cell housed?

A

nucleus

36
Q

what is the role and strucutre of the cell membrane?

A

constructed of double layers of lipid, water soluble heads face into and out of cell, water insoluble tails are inside membrane to hold fat-soluble things in. also contains cholesterol, carbs, and protein. cholesterol and carbs give rigidity and stability, proteins control passage of substances, carbs are distinct ID structures

37
Q

what are the four types of tissues and what are their general roles?

A

epithelial: cells to line surfaces
connective: structural integrity
muscle: contracts to cause movement
nervous: transports nerve impulses to communication

38
Q

what nutrients are carried in lymph? what nutrients are carried in blood?

A

.

39
Q

what is the role of nutrition irt the nervous system and nerve cells?

A

amino acids for norepinephrine and epinephrine
glucose, preferred brain fueld
lipids, protein, b12 support myelin sheath covering nerve fibers

40
Q

what are the followings roles in nutrition: insulin, glucagon, epinephrine/norepinephrine, growth hormone, thyroid hormones

A

insulin: uptake and storage of glucose, fat, and amino acids by cells
glucagon: release of glucose from liver stores, release of fat from adipose tissue
epinephrine/norepinephrine: release of glucose and fat into blood
growth hormone: promotion of protein synthesis and growth, increase fat use for energy
thyroid hormones: protein synthesis, increased body metabolism

41
Q

what would be result of unhealthy mucosal membrane due to nutrient deficiencies?

A

increased susceptibility to illness

42
Q

where does digestion take place and where does absorption take place?

A

digestion (mechanical and chemical breaking down of molecules to produce basic nutrients) and can be absorbed across the wall of the GI tract. absorption occurs when substances are taken up from the GI tract and enter the bloodstream or the lymph.

43
Q

what is the role of a sphincter in the GI tract?

A

it allows regulated flow of contents into and out of an area.

44
Q

does any digestion and or/absorption occur in the stomach? if so, of what nutrients and to what degree?

A

very little occurs in stomach, “chyme” leaves stomach 1 tsp at a time

45
Q

what is the purpose of the low pH (high acidity) of stomach acid?

A

it destroys activity of protein and activates digestive enzymes, partially digests dietary protein and assists in calcium absorption and makes dietary minerals soluble for absorption.

46
Q

what is the role of mucus in the stomach?

A

protects the stomach from acid

47
Q

what happens when we take antacids on a regular basis?

A

increases the pH of stomach acid, resulting in improper digestion and malabsorption of minerals and calcium

48
Q

what is the purpose of villi and microvilli? how is food absorbed here?

A

digest and absorption, increases surface area, enzymes

49
Q

what are the 4 ways nutrients are absorbed?

A

passive absorption: diffusion of nutrients across a membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration
facilitated absorption: carrier protein is needed to move a nutrient across a membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration
active absorption: requires carrier protein and uses energy to move nutrient against a concentration gradient
phagocytosis and pinocytosis – active absorption where a cell membrane engulfs particles (phagocytosis) or fluids (pinocytosis)

50
Q

what happens to fiber in the colon?

A

it is not digested but adds bulk to fecal matter and can increase easy and frequency of bowel movements, depending on type of fiber

51
Q

what is a key role of the large intestine?

A

takes what food can’t be digested; absorption of water, some minerals, vitamins, and some fatty acids; houses probiotics;

52
Q

what is the difference between pre and probiotics and how do they help?

A

prebiotics increase growth of probiotic microorganisms and probiotics are the microorganisms that reside in the large intestine and provide health benefits.

53
Q

what primary nutrients does the stomach absorb? the small intestine? the large?

A

stomach: alcohol (minor), minor water
small intestine: calcium, magnesium, iron, other minerals, glucose, amino acids, fats, vitamins, water (major), alcohol (major), bile acids
large intestine: sodium, potasium, some fatty acids, gases, water (minor, moderate)

54
Q

what are the causes and remedies for constipation?

A

causes: ignoring normal urges, muscle spasms, some meds
treatment: dietary fiber, fluids, regular physical activity

Human Nutrition Midterm 1: Chapters 1&2, 4&8, 5&8, 6-7&12 (5 decks)

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