ch12 study tips Flashcards
What is the difference between malnutrition and undernutrition.
Malnutrition: condition of impaired development or function caused by deficiency or excess
Undernutrition:failing health that results from longstanding dietary intake that is not enough to meet nutritional needs
What are the major factors contributing to undernutrition in wealthy nations, such as the
United States? What are some solutions to this problem?
-Access to Healthy Food
-Socioeconomic Factors Related to Undernutrition
Poverty
-Homelessness
-Situational Poverty
The seven Ds 1. Divorce
2. Death
3. Disease
4. Downsized
5. Disabled
6. Disasters
7. Debt
Solutions:
- State governments protecting right of individuals and groups to share food
- Responsibility of all citizens
- Healthy Food Financing Initiative (HFFI)
- Government programs are not enough
- EVERYONE can be affected
Compare and contrast the causes of hunger in the United States vs developing countries.
DEVELOPING WORLD Population/Food Ratio War and Political/Civil Unrest Agriculture and Rapid Depletion of Natural Resources Inadequate Shelter and Sanitation Impact of AIDS Worldwide
United States
-Access to Healthy Food
-Socioeconomic Factors Related to Undernutrition
Poverty
-Homelessness
-Situational Poverty
The seven Ds 1. Divorce
2. Death
3. Disease
4. Downsized
5. Disabled
6. Disasters
7. Debt
What are some causes of homelessness in US?
Causes: – High cost of housing – Subsidies for housing decreased – Low income families likely to spend more than half their income for rent – Release of mentally ill patients – Alcohol/drug abuse
What are solutions to poverty and hunger in the US and the developing world?
*
Describe the effects of malnutrition during critical life stages.
Pregnancy
• Nutritional needs are higher
• Fetal development is affected
• Fetus may deplete maternal nutrient stores
• Cumulative effect of successive pregnancies close together does not allow mother to recover nutrients like iron and folate
• Results in increased risk of death of woman and/or child
• MDG goal 5
– reduce the maternal mortality ratio by three quarters between 1990 and 2015 has been lagging
Fetal and Infant Stages • Poor growth and development • Pre-term delivery – Immature lungs – Weakened immune system • Long-term health problems • Increased health care costs
Childhood • Period of rapid growth – Especially brain and CNS • Permanent brain impairment • Stunted growth – WHO reports that nearly 165 million suffer from stunting • Impairedmotorskills • Low resistance to infection • Iron deficiency anemia
Later Years • WHO predicts significant increase in people 65+ – to 1.5 billion by 2050 • Requirenutrient-dense foods • Many on fixed incomes • Many forced to choose between medication or food • Lower resistance to infection
List the critical micronutrient deficiencies worldwide.
Malnutrition and Micronutrient Deficiencies • Iron - anemia • Vitamin A – blindness – 500,000 preschool-age children each year • Various B vitamins (e.g., folate) – Pellagra, energy metabolism, DNA • Zinc - immunity • Iodide – goiter, thyroid
What are the general effects of starvation.
General Effects of Starvation
• Initially no visible clinical signs
• May affect reproductive capacity
• Weakened immune system
• Low physical and mental capacity
• Depressed lab values
• Combination of micronutrient deficiencies
• Weight loss
• Fatigue, muscle soreness, irritability, hunger pains
• Poor concentration and lack of ambition
• Decreased heart rate and muscle tone
• Birth size, length of gestation, intellectual development
*How does a safe water supply support nutritional health?
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What federal programs are available to address the problem of under nutrition in the United
States?
Helping the Hungry in the United States
• School Lunch program established (1946)
• Food Stamp program for low income
– Now, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
(SNAP) (currently 39 million)
• School Breakfast program provides meals free or reduced cost (1965)
– 12.8 million breakfast, 31.6 million lunch
• The Recovery Act 2009 increased a variety of
food benefits and services
• Charitable donations
Elderly Nutrition Services
– Congregate meals
– Home-delivered meals (meals on wheels)
– Promotes socialization
-228 million meals to 2.5 million people
• Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
– Served 8.9 million women and children
• Unemployment, medical, housing expenses, holiday shopping, cause a household to be hungry or food insecure
Outline how war and civil unrest in developing countries have worsened problems of chronic
hunger over the past few years.
War and Political/Civil Unrest • Increase in global military spending • Civil disruptions and war – Contributes to undernutrition – Destroys food production and infrastructure • Political divisions – Impede distribution of food
*Why is solving the problem of under-nutrition a key factor in the ability of developing
countries to reach their full potential?
*
missing bioengineering def What is biotechnology and specifically bioengineering?
Biotechnology
• May contribute to meeting food needs
• Geneticengineering
– Recombinant DNA technology
• Traditionalcross-breedingofplants/animalshas
inconsistent results
• Geneticallymodifiedorganism(GMO),transgenic organism
• FDA confident approved varieties of genetically engineered foods are safe to consume, no labeling
• Coalition, Right to Know GMO active in many states and federal level to require labeling
How can sustainable agriculture and biotechnology improve food availability
worldwide.
Sustainable Agriculture
• Goals
– Environmental health
– Economic profitability
– Social and economic equity
– Maintenance or enhancement of land and natural resources
– Consumer safety
– Safe working conditions for laborers
Sustainable development
– Economic growth that simultaneously reduces poverty, protects environment, preserves natural capital
• Sustainable agriculture
– system provides secure living for farm families – maintains natural environment, resources
– supports rural community
– offers respect, fair treatment to all involved
– farm workers to consumers to animals raised for food
