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Criminology > Week Two Notes > Flashcards

Week Two Notes Flashcards

1
Q

define a concept.

A

building block of theories

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2
Q

define a variable

A

concepts that vary and can be counted, measured, or observed

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3
Q

define an explanatory variable (iv).

A

help to predict the response or outcome variables and can locate a cause

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4
Q

define a response outcome variable (dv).

A

explains presumed effects in an experiment

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5
Q

define a hhypothesis.

A

how variables differ in relation to other variables

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6
Q

what are the two main objectivist theories?

A

traditional = early theories
positivist = science based

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7
Q

define objectivist theories.

A

absolute/measured theories that focus on the individual and an attribute that causes them to commit crimes, believing criminals are different than non-criminals and a product of causation

behavior is binary, black and white

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8
Q

define subjective theories.

A

believes rules aren’t given but created and interpreted, crime is a social construct by someone in power causing grey areas in the law and in crime.

believe crime is voluntary because of freewill

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9
Q

define classical schools.

A

men and women are rational beings so crime is a result of freewill, and punishment can be effective in reducing crime as it negates the pleasures of crime.

18th - 19th century

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10
Q

describe the panopticon and who made it.

A

Jeremy Bentham
- never actually made, just a concept

ring shaped building with a center tower
windows on each side with supervisor in it who could see everyone
prisoners in cells around outside with windows so they could see the supervisor but no one else to prevent contact and riots

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11
Q

who was Jeremy Benthan?

A

founder of utilitarianism and the panopticon

believed humans have freewill and are rational, attempt to avoid pain and gain pleasure

proposed the first idea of a prison as an act of deterrence to crime
- punishment should be proportionate to seriousness of offence

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12
Q

what were the 3 functions of the panopticon?

A

enclose
deprive
eliminate ability to hide

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13
Q

what are the 5 central tenets of classical theory?

A
  1. hedonistic
  2. freewill
  3. social contract
  4. punishment as painful
  5. utilitarianism
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14
Q

what are the 5 tenets of classical theories view of punishment?

A
  1. outweigh profit/pleasure
  2. seriousness determines punishment
  3. discourage crime
  4. never more than the value of the offence to the offender
  5. consistency
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15
Q

define deterrence theory.

A

if a penalty is too great people will deter from crime

increasing penalty will stop crimes from occuring

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16
Q

what are the 6 types of deterrence?

A
  1. absolute deterrence
  2. relative deterrence
  3. cross deterrence
  4. restrictive deterrence
  5. general deterrence
  6. specific deterrence
17
Q

explain neoclassicalism.

A

contemporary version of classical criminology that emphasizes deterrence and retribution with a reduced emphasis on rehabilitation
accountability of criminals, PUNISHMENT!

18
Q

what is rational choice theory?

A

individuals make a conscious, rational and partially informed choice to commit crime and employs cost benefit analysis

benefits outweigh the negatives

19
Q

what are the two varieties of rational choice theory?

A
  1. routine activity/lifestyle theory
    - lifestyle and social role contributes to volume and type of crime
    - motivated offender + suitable crime - capable guardian = crime
  2. situational choice theory
    - crime = function of choices and decisions made within the context of a situation
    - crime can be reduced by changing features of social situations/environments
    - situations make it easier or difficult to commit crimes
20
Q

explain bounded rationality and who made it. it’s main thinker.

A

Gary Becker 1968

have all info necessary to make informed decision
- false, use perceived pros and cons, not facts
- biased in decision making
- relies on heuristics

constrained by time limits and access to information

21
Q

define utility maximization.

A

making choices where perceived benefits outweigh the perceived costs

22
Q

what are the critiques of rational choice theory?

A

overemphasis on individual choice
assumes everyone is equally capable of making rational decisions
disregards individual morality
displacement of crime

23
Q

how do formal factors affect crime?

A

sanctions and punishments
death penalty had small effect
perceived benefits greater than actual benefits

24
Q

how do informal factors affect crime?

A

stronger than formal factors
outside legal forces
shames influence people to not commit crimes, so do personality traits and influence of peers (social disapproval).

25
Q

Explain biological factors of crime.

A

Focuses on the brain as the center of personality and controlling human behaviour

Physical features and heredity

Genetics, chromosomes, diet, hormones, and environmental contaminants (minor role)

26
Q

Explain positivism.

A

All valid knowledge is acquired through observation

Clearly defined facts that can be measured and controlled scientifically

27
Q

What two principles is positivism built on?

A
  1. Acceptance of social determinism
  2. Application of scientific techniques to study crime and criminology
28
Q

What are the two policies of biological explanations to crime?

A

Isolation = incapacitation isolates people

Eugenics = sterilization without consent of undesirables

29
Q

What are Enrico Ferry’s 5 types of criminals.

A
  1. Born criminal/atavistic/ancient
  2. Insane criminals
  3. Passionate criminal
  4. Occasional criminal
  5. Habitual criminals
30
Q

Who was Cesare Lombroso?

A

Father of criminology
Atavism = people with proms give feature to display criminality
Males are criminals from physical traits
Women are criminals because they are suppressed and closer to atavistic traits

Determined people’s guilt through atavistic traits

31
Q

What is phrenology?

A

Studies the shape of the head to determine anatomical correlation of human behaviour

Franz Joseph Gall

32
Q

What are the 4 themes of phrenology?

A
  1. Brain is organ of the mind
  2. Aspects of personality have locations in brain
  3. well developed = more prominent
  4. Shape of skull correlates to brain and determines personality
33
Q

Explain determinism.

A

Behaviour is determined and out of your control
Crime is caused by disease and something wrong with the individual
Born like this
Need treatment to be normal

34
Q

Explain William Sheldon’s somatotypes.

A

Body type and personality are related to criminality

  1. Mesoporhs = criminals, athletic
  2. Endomorphs = fat, round
  3. Ectomorphs = thin, small
35
Q

What are NDDB’s?

A

Indexes used to help unresolved crimes, to convict offenders and help identify bodies or missing people

36
Q

What are the two defences under the NDDB?

A

Primary designated offences
- most serious offence

Secondary designated offences
- decide by court and crown

Criminology (6 decks)

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