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Criminology > Week Four Notes > Flashcards

Week Four Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Define social process theories.

A

Believes criminal behaviour is learned in interaction with others and that socialization through groups is the primary route for learning

Law in not innate

Criminal choices reinforced by reaction of society to defiance

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2
Q

Define socialization

A

Learn through interactions with others

Socialized through the culture you belong to

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3
Q

What is differential association and who created it?

A

Edwin Sutherland

Criminality is learned through a process of association with others who communicate criminal values

Social learning = explanation for crime

Pro criminal cultural/generational traditions

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4
Q

What are the 9 principles of differential association?

A
  1. Criminal behaviour is learned
  2. Learned in interactions
  3. Main learning with those closest to
  4. Learning includes motives
  5. Motives and drives learned from legal codes
  6. Criminal due to excess definitions favourable to violating the law
  7. Varies in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity
  8. Association with criminal and anti criminal patterns involved learning
  9. Criminal behaviour is an expression of general needs no criminal behaviour is expressed in the same needs
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5
Q

Define types of neutralisation

A

offenders learn techniques of neutralizations to allow them to go against conventional values and attitudes

Sykes and Matza

aware of conventional values and understand offending is wrong

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6
Q

what are the 5 types of justification used by criminals according to techniques of neutralization.

A
  1. deny responsibility
  2. deny injury
  3. deny the victim
  4. condemn the condemners
  5. appeal to higher loyalties
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7
Q

define social control theory.

A

assumes that we all break the rules when social controls don’t exist

promotes education, recreation and conforming activities

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8
Q

in social control theory what are the 4 types of control?

A
  1. inner control
    - socialization in childhood creates feelings of guilt
    - cause of deviance = inadequate socialization
  2. outer control
    - potential loss of rewards, increased punishments
  3. indirect control
    - don’t want to disappoint others
  4. direct control
    - conforming others enforce control
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9
Q

define the 4 tenets of social bonds and who made it.

A

Hirschi

  1. attachment
  2. commitment
  3. involvement
  4. belief
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10
Q

explain the general theory of crime.

A

Gottfredson and Hirschi

crime is the result of low self control and increased opportunities

self control acquired through socialization

low self control and crime

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11
Q

what are the 6 dimensions of low self control according to general crime theory?

A
  1. crime = immediate gratification
  2. crime = easy/simple path to gratification
  3. criminal acts are exciting/risky
  4. low self control = unstable relations
  5. most crimes require little skill/planning
  6. self centered and indifferent to others
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12
Q

define labelling theory.

A

social reactions to deviance determine the individuals future and can contribute to criminality as it reduces available options for labeled criminals

power dynamics (labelled vs labelling)

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13
Q

what are the 2 types of labelling?

A

1.formal
- formal agents, greater consequences

2.informal
- peers/family, lesser power = lesser consequences

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14
Q

what are some criticisms of labelling theory?

A

results in deterrence
ignores causes of primary deviance
treats deviance as passive
ignores informal labels and the susceptibility of labels

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14
Q

what are the policies of labelling theory?

A

reduces official labels and stigmatization process allowing for more pardons
limits institutionalization
decriminalization

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15
Q

explain Garfinkle’s status degradation theory.

A

status is decreased and public identity is transformed because of crime or deviance

shame for violating norms, rules, or law can reinforce group solidarity
- celebrities

16
Q

define status segregation

A

any communicative work process that lowers a person’s social status

17
Q

define a moral entrepreneur.

A

person with power to enforce moral norms

18
Q

define deviant career.

A

sequence of social statuses passed during employment

19
Q

what are the 4 stages of a deviant career?

A
  1. novice
  2. new recruit
  3. veteran
  4. retiree
20
Q

define master status

A

overrides all others regardless of context

can be achieved or ascribed

achieved = born with
ascribed = through merit

21
Q

explain stigma in terms of Goffman.

A

differentness that has a negative evaluation and distorts/directs public identity.

22
Q

what are the 3 types of stigmatized people according to Goffman?

A
  1. character traits
  2. physical
  3. group identity
23
Q

what is reintegrative shaming and who made it?

A

Braithwaite
from of shaming imposed as a sanction by the criminal justice system
to strengthen moral bond between offender and community

24
Q

what are the 2 kinds of shame in reintegrative shaming?

A

stigmatic shaming
- condemns crime and criminal

reintegrative shaming
- condemns crime not criminal

25
Q

what is social conflict?

A

fundamental aspect of social life that can never be fully resolved
the struggle to compete causes crime

26
Q

what are the 5 main points of social conflict?

A
  1. society is divided by conflict
  2. society is made up of social groups based on political and economic power
  3. conflict centers on exercise of political power
  4. powerful groups make laws to reflect their interest
  5. crime is an outcome of conflict between those in power and those without
27
Q

what is radical/criminal and Marxist criminology?

A

causes of crime are rooted in social conditions empowering the wealthy but oppressing the poor

28
Q

what is structural marxism?

A

structural institutions of society that influence the behavior of individuals and groups by virtue of the type of relationships created

29
Q

what is instrumental marxism?

A

those in power intentionally create laws and social institutions that serve their own interests and keep others from becoming powerful

30
Q

what is the critique of radical/criminal and Marxist criminology?

A

emphasis on methods of social change
doesn’t recognize crime consensus
personal politics and social reality confusion

31
Q

what is liberal conflict theory?

A

DeKeserdy and Young

focused on radical realism, critical realism, street crime, social justice, and crime control

shifts the focus to the assessment of crime and needs of crime victims

32
Q

define left realism.

A

perspective that insists on a pragmatic assessment of crime and its associated problems

33
Q

define feminist theory.

A

Freda Adler.
corrective model intended to redirect thinking of mainstream criminologists to include gender awareness

gender viewed in terms of power relationships

34
Q

what are the 5 branches of feminist criminology?

A
  1. liberal
  2. radical
  3. Marxist
  4. socialist
  5. postmodern
35
Q

define power control theories.

A

how family is structured via social class

36
Q

what are the 2 kinds of families/households according to power control theory?

A
  1. traditional/patriarchal families
    - daughters more controlled and less involved in crime/delinquency.
  2. modern egalitarian households
    - middle class, daughters encouraged to take risks
37
Q

explain the chivalry hypothesis.

A

Pollak

girls criminality is sexual in nature

38
Q

what are the 3 ways to explain female crime in response to Pollak’s chivalry hypothesis?

A
  1. women are inherently deceitful
  2. women are vengeful
  3. differential reinforcement

Criminology (6 decks)

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