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PSYC214 > Week Two > Flashcards

Week Two Flashcards

1
Q

Basic Components of Research

A
  1. Start with a Hypothesis
  2. Research Design
  3. Dependent Variable
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2
Q

Considerations of Research Designs
1. Internal Validity
2. External Validity
3. What sorts of significance

A
  • Internal Validity: the extent to which results are due to the independent variable
  • External Validity: The extent to which results are generalizable to a population
    -Statistical Significance: effect real or by chance?
  • Clinical Significance: How big the effect is
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3
Q

Research by Correlation
1. Definition
2. Nature
3. What does it not imply?
4. Problem of what?

A
  • Assess the degree to which levels of certain variables are linked to levels of other variables
  • Nature of correlation: Statistical relation of variables, No IV is manipulated, Range -1.0 to +1.0
  • Does not imply causation
  • Problem of directionality
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4
Q

Research by Experiment
1. What are the steps?

A
  • Manipulate IV
  • Observe effects on DV
  • Attempt to observe casual relationships
  • Premium on internal validity
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5
Q

Group Experimental Design
1. What does it involve?
2. Give an example

A
  • Involves manipulating a variable
  • Clinical trial: Experiment designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a treatment
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6
Q

Pyramid of Evidence (Note: the first on the list is the bottom of the pyramid)

A
  1. Case Studies
  2. Case Series
  3. Case-controlled studies
  4. Randomized control trials
  5. Effectiveness trials
  6. Systematic reviews
  7. Meta-analysis
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7
Q

Studying Individual Cases:
1. Case Study Method
2. Limitations

A
  1. Extensive observation and detailed descriptions of a single client, Foundation of early historic developments in psychopathology
  2. Lacks scientific rigor, Internal validity is typically weak, and often entails many confounds
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8
Q

Single-Case Experimental Design:
1. Withdrawal Design: Basic Idea?, Concerns?
2. Multiple Baseline Design: Basic Idea?, What does it improve?

A
  1. WD: Est baseline and introduce treatment, stop treatment if behavior returns like it was before treatment, ethical concerns if an efficacious treatment is removed
  2. MBD: Start treatment at different times in different conditions, Imporves internal validity
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9
Q

Control Groups in Clinical Trials
1. Control Group Factors
2. Placebo Effect?

A
  1. Overall provides a comparison point: matched demographics of the experimental group, placebo: some participants are given inactive treatment, double-blind: researchers and participants are unaware of treatment
  2. Something changes because participants expect changes to occur
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10
Q

Studying Behavior Overtime
1. Prevention Research: Health Promotion: Universal Prevention, Selective Prevention, Indicated Prevention
2. Time-based research strategies: What are the two types?

A
  1. HP: Increasing healthy behavior of an entire population, UP: Target specific risk factors but not specific people, SP: target groups of people at risk, IP: Targets specific people who are showing early signs of disorder
  2. Cross-sectional research design: Take a cross-section of the population at different age groups, Longitudinal Design: study a group overtime.
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11
Q

Moderating and Mediating variables
1. Define each

A
  1. Moderating: influence the direction and strength of a relationship - have an independent effect on the existing relationship of two variables
  2. Mediating: impact process, mechanism, or means through which variable produces a particular outcome - account for some apparent relationship between two variables.
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12
Q

Research Ethics
1. Define 5 key Ethical Principles

IC
C
V
FI
CH

A
  1. Informed Consent
  2. Competence - ability to provide consent
  3. Voluntarism - lack of cocerion
  4. Full information - necessary info to make an informed decision
  5. Comprehension - understanding about benefits and risks
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13
Q

Can Money Buy Happiness? Mursean et al. 2020
1. List Key Findings (3)

A
  1. Happiness increases until a threshold of 27,000 euros ($50,000)
  2. Culture plays an essential role in the perception of happiness
  3. Health, education, and social support had a greater impact on life satisfaction
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14
Q

Life Satisfaction and Income Diener & Oishi 2000
1. List key findings (3)

Income
Income and Life Satifisfaction
US Amercains 37% than everyone

A
  1. Income doesn’t have that much effect on happiness unless at lower
    end of income in poorer nations
  2. Correlation between income and
    life satisfaction is about 0.10
  3. Wealthiest Americans only
    slightly happier than average, with
    37% being less happy than average
    American
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15
Q

High Income Improves Evaluation of life but not emotional wellbeing Kahneman et al. 2020
1. What is the key finding of this study

earn $75,000 = happy

A
  1. If not earning much, earning
    more will make you happier…and
    then it levels off around
    US$75,000 (US$110,000 adjusted
    currency).
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16
Q

Sometimes Money Does Not Buy Happiness for Some People Kudra et al.
1. Key Finding
2. Why?

- Little evidence -higher income = less
- Social comparison

A
  1. Very little evidence of any relationship between income and daily experiences of happiness - some evidence suggests people
    with higher incomes are less happy than those with lower incomes
  2. Social comparisons and reference groups adapt too quickly to
    more money, have less leisure time, spend >time alone, fractured social networks, poorer health
17
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
1. Explain
2. How does it relate to money and Happiness

A
  1. Physiological, Safety, Love & Belonging, Esteem, Self-actualization
  2. When needs are not met, particularly safety, food, and shelter people report being unhappy. For this group, money does not make s substantial difference
18
Q

Does Winning The Lottery Make Us Happier?
1. State Key Findings of these studies:
- Brickman et al. 1978)
- Lindqvist et al. 2020

A
  1. Numbed winners of smaller joys in life, circumstances do not matter
  2. At least having more money makes people less stressed and more satisfied with their life. Long-term follow-up of lottery winners over 5-22 years suggested sustained increases in overall life satisfaction that did not dissipate over
    time.

PSYC214 (12 decks)

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