Week Six: Diagnostic Sampling Flashcards
What is a veterinary technicians role in diagnostic sampling?
Prepare, collect, submit information
Venipuncture samples should be collected with…
- Minimal stress to patient
- Minimal trauma to vessels
- Minimal discomfort to patient
What does stress affect on some laboratory tests?
- Leukogram
- Cortisol
- Glucose
The gauge of the needle depends on what?
- Vessel size
- Amount of blood required
- Intended use of the sample
- Technician preference
- Species and size of patient
What are the common venipuncture sites for cats?
Femoral, jugular, cephalic
What are the common venipuncture sites for dogs?
Jugular, cephalic, lateral saphenous
What is the best vein to draw from?
Jugular
What is an LTT or PTT?
Does it contain an anticoagulant? If so what is/are they?
Lavender or Purple top tube
Yes; EDTA
What are LTTs used for?
CBC and BUN
What does BUN stand for?
Blood uria nitrogen (used for kidney tests)
What is a RTT?
Does it contain an anticoagulant? If so what is/are they?
Red top tube
No
List some characteristics of a RTT
Can have a separator; Serum Separator tube or Tiger Top tube
When spun, produces serum
What is a GTT? (more common one)
Does it contain an anticoagulant? If so what is/are they?
Green top tube
Yes; Heparin sometimes Lithium
Heparin is always in ________ tubes
Lithium are always in _________ tubes
Glass
Plastic
When a Green top tube is spun, what does it produce?
Plasma
What is a BTT?
Does it contain an anticoagulant? If so what is/are they?
Blue top tube
Yes; Sodium citrate
What is important to remember about a BTT?
NEVER remove the top
What is a GTT (less common one)
Does it contain an anticoagulant? If so what is/are they?
Grey top tube
Yes; Oxylate
What is produced from a grey top tube when it’s spun?
Plasma
What information concerning the patient do you need to know prior to venipuncture?
When last medication was given
Do they have a bleeding disorder?
Have they eaten today?
If plasma is a red color, what is the term and cause?
Hemolytic; multiple (human) errors
If plasma is a yellow color, what is the term and cause?
Icteric; liver failure
If plasma is a white color, what is the term and cause?
Lipemic; fat, diabetes, hypothyroidism
If plasma is pink, what is the term(s) and cause?
Hemolytic and lipemic; fat, diabetes, hypothyroidism and/or multiple errors
What should the plasma color in a normal blood sample?
Clear
What are some common collection techniques for urine?
- Voided sample
- Manual bladder expression
- Catheterization
- Cystocentesis
What is a voided collection of urine?
Also known as a free catch
When you collect a midstream sample
When is a voided collection not an acceptable means of collecting urine?
For a culture; bacteria, cells, debris from hair, skin, and genitourinary tract may mess up findings
True or False:
Urine can be collected from a cage floor
True
Never manually express the bladder of a _______
(Blocked) Tom cat
What is an indwelling catheter?
Stays in the animal
What are some complications of catheterization?
UTI (from indwelling catheter)
Urethral inflammation (from bacterial infection)
Trauma (Causes increased RBCC, protein, and transitional epithelial cells)
What units does urethral catheter sizing use?
French units
What are polypropylene urinary catheters?
Long, clear, rigid, and easy to pass into the urinary bladder
What are foley catheters?
Used as indwelling urinary catheters
Softer, flexible, more comfortable, and self retaining
How do you place a catheter in a male dog?
Pull penis out, put catheter in
Are catheters more frequent in females or males?
Males
True or False
A catheter should never be sutured in
False, a catheter can be sutured in
What is a cystocentesis?
Go into bladder to collect urine
What does it mean if you see bacteria in a urine sample?
Animal has a UTI
Cystocentesis can aid in the localization of…
- Hematuria
- Pyuria
- Bacteriuria
What are some complications of a cystocentesis?
- Laceration of the bladder
- Laceration of the bowel
What are some contraindications for cystocentesis?
- Inadequate urine in the bladder
- Patient resists restraint
- Patient resists abdominal palpation
Never perform a cysto on patients with:
- Recent abdominal surgeries
- Abdominal trauma
- Suspected bleeding disorders
- Pyometra
- Suspected caudal abdominal or bladder tumors
What supplies do you need for a cysto?
- 22g 1-1.5 in needle
- 6mL or larger syringe
Removal of the entire volume of urine increases the risk of what?
Contact between the needle and the bladder wall
Gross and microscopic examinations of feces are done to look for:
- mucus
- Blood
- Intestinal parasites
- Ova
What are some alternative collection methods of feces?
- Lubricated fecal loop
- Lubricated gloved finger
What are the four steps for fecal?
- Gross (describe it-blood, grass)
- Float (Fecalizer–>fecasol—->look for ova/eggs under 10X)
- Smear* (heat with lighter then stain, look under 40X)
- Direct (Grab saline and put on poop, create poop soup, look for bacteria, Giardia, Spirochetes, ect. under 40X)
What is the procedure for staining?
Blue, red, purple
What are ear cytologies used for?
Detect:
- Cocci
- Rods
- Yeast
- See parasites
What is an FNA?
Fine needle aspirate
Used to acquire fluid samples or tissue cells from: dermis, viscera, lymph node
Cytologic samples aid in differentiation between…
- Inflammation
- Hyperplasia
- Neoplasia
What is TNTC?
Too numerous to count
What are the supplies needed for an FNA?
25 to 22g needles
3-6mL syringes
Clean glass microscope slides
Surgical scrub and alcohol for skin prep
