Week Four: Preventative Medicine Flashcards
What is preventative medicine?
Maintenance of good health in patients that are currently healthy in order to prevent future illnesses
What does preventative medicine include?
- Wellness exams
- Vaccines
- Parasite control
- Diagnostics
- Routine treatments
What are puppy and kitten exams used to accomplish?
- Exam (growth and development, abnormalities and congenital issues)
- Vaccinations
- Deworming
- Owner education
What are the four periods of behavioral development?
- Neo natal (first two weeks of life)
- Transitional (14-21 days)
- Socialization (3-12 weeks in a dog and 3-9 weeks in a cat)
- Juvenile (12 weeks through adult)
What happens in the neo-natal period?
Little to no notice of their environment
Eat and sleep period
What happens in the transitional period?
Experiences more of their environment
At risk of hypothermia
What happens in the socialization period?
Most important developmental time as far as humans are concerned
- Need to socialize animal
- Need to learn to play, fight, and develop sexual behavior
- Good time to identify house training
- Negative experiences can desocialize animal
- Need to make all of their first experiences pleasant
Weaning
- Gradual reduction on a puppy’s dependency on his mothers milk and care
- Ideally completed by week 7 or 8, start at 3 to 4 weeks
What happens in the juvenile period?
Social bonds formed and physically mature
- Learn hierarch in groups
- Begin to explore world
- De socialization can occur
What happens during adult wellness exams?
Preventative maintenance (detect abnormalities or subtle changes) Happens once or twice each year
What are vaccines?
Include antigens from pathogens that cause a particular disease
How do vaccines work?
Introduced to immune system, antibodies are formed against the antigen
- Humoral (B cells) antibodies
- Cell mediated (T cell) lymphocytes
What are the two types of vaccines?
- Killed
- Altered (modified live)
- Stimulate immune responses without actually causing the disease
What are lyophilized powder vaccines?
Freeze dried
What is active immunity?
- Animals develop antibodies to antigens present in their environment
- Proteins that are part of a pathogenic organism
What is passive immunity?
Obtained immunity
- via colostrum
- via maternal antibodies (can be absorbed via the intestines for one day)
Decreases by week eight
Keep puppies and kittens away from other _______ and away from the ______ of other animals.
Animals, excrement
Puppies and kittens need a full series of what after weaning?
Vaccinations
When do puppies and kittens get their initial vaccines?
- 8 weeks
- 12 weeks
- 16 weeks
- 20 weeks sometimes (extra boosters may be given for canine parvovirus especially in Rottweilers and Dobermans)
- Yearly
What vaccines do stray adult animals get?
Two sets of vaccinations 3 weeks apart
Adult boosters after one year
What are the core vaccines for dogs?
Rabies DA2PP (DHPP/C) -Distemper -Hepatitis (adenovirus 2) -Parvovirus -Parainfluienza
What are the core vaccines for cats?
Rabies FVRCP -Feline viral rhinotracheitis (herpes) -Calicivirus -Panleukopenia (feline parvovirus)
What are the elective vaccines for dogs?
- Leptospirosis
- Bordetella bronchiseptica
- Canine Giardia
- Canine Lyme (Borrelia burgdorferi)
- Canine Corona Virus
What are the elective vaccines for cats?
- FeLV (Feline leukemia virus)
- FIV (feline immunodeficiency virus)
- Chlamydophila felis
- Feline Bordetella
- Feline Giardia
- FIP (feline infectious peritonitis)
Why should you administer vaccines distal to the thigh or shoulder?
- Vaccine induced sarcomas
- Amputation is possible
What is Merial’s VETJET?
- Air powered
- Transdermal device (no needles)
What are the pros of intranasal vaccines?
- Stimulate development of local mucosal immunoglobulins where pathogens commonly enter the body
- Induce immunity faster
- Shorter duration of effect
What are some examples of intranasal vaccines?
Canine kennel cough complex -Modified live adenovirus-2 -Parainfluenza -Bordetella FVRCP FIP
True or False:
Intranasal vaccines can be injected subcutaneously
FALSE.
AN INTRANASAL VACCINE SHOULD NEVER BE INJECTED SUBCUTANEOUSLY
Where do we give rabies vaccines?
RRR
Right rear rabies
(SQ right hind leg)
Where do we give DA2PP/DHPP or DA2LPP?
SQ right front leg
Where do we give Leptospirosis and/or Bordetella vaccines?
SQ left hind leg
(Left hind lepto)
Bordetella vaccine can be given IN
Where do we give FVRCP?
SQ right front leg
FvRcp=Front Right
Where do we give feLV/FIV vaccine?
SQ left hind leg
Left hind leukemia
What are common side effects of vaccines?
Local pain Transient swelling at injection site Mild systemic signs -Lethargy -Fever lasting a day or two
What are some breeds with vaccine related reactions?
- Small dogs
- White dogs
- Dilute coats
- Old English Sheepdogs
- Weimaraners
- Akitas
What could cause an allergic reaction in vaccines?
- Microbial antigens
- Adjuvant inactivators
- Preservatives
What could happen during an immediate hypersensitivity response to vaccines?
- Respiratory arrest
- Cardiovascular collapse
- Death within 30 min. of vaccination
- Hives
- Facial edema
- Periocular swelling
What are the emergency treatments for anaphylaxis?
- Diphenhydramine (antihistamine)
- Dexamethasone (short term corticosteroid)
- Predeinsone *(milder reactions)
- Epinephrine (severe reactions)
- IV fluids and life support
How much Diphenhydramine do you give during an emergency treatment for anaphylaxis?
2-4 mg/kg tid or qid PO,IM, IV
How much Dexamethasone do you give during an emergency treatment for anaphylaxis?
0.25 mg/kg IV
How much Prednisone do you give during an emergency treatment for anaphylaxis?
0.5 to 1 mg/kg bid PO
How much Epinephrine do you give during an emergency treatment for anaphylaxis?
0.5 to 1.5 mL IV of a 1:10,000 solution (repeat every 30 minutes)
What are some immune mediated reactions that can happen days or weeks post vaccination?
- Immune mediated hemolytic anemia
- Immune mediated thrombocytopenia
- Polyarthritis
- Hypertrophic osteodystrophy
- Thyroiditis
Where should you report any vaccine reactions or adverse effects to?
- Manufacturer
- US Pharmacopeia Veterinary Reporting Program
What do you need to educate clients about?
- Parasite control
- Behavioral/training techniques
- Nutrition and feeding schedules
- Oral care
- Neutering
- Exercise
- House training
- House hold dangers
- Do not forget to tell them about the current visit
How many times are puppies dewormed?
2 to 3 times, three weeks apart
- Pyrantel pamoate
- roundworms
- hookworms
What are infectious agents caused by fleas?
Bartonella
Mycoplasma
Tape worms
What diseases can ticks cause?
- Lyme disease
- Anaplasmosis
- Ehrlichiosis
- Rocky Mountain spotted fever
- Bartonellosis
- Mycoplasmosis
Never use products containing ______ on or around cats!
Permethrins
If a pet eats a collar containing Amitraz, the antidote is _______
Yohimbine
What are toxic food items for animals?
- Grapes and raisins
- Chocolate
- Onions and garlic
- Drugs (aspirin, acetaminophen)
- Antifreeze
- Rat poison
- Toxic plants
- Lawn care products
When are female cats and dogs typically altered at?
6 months of age
When are male cats and dogs neutered at?
6 to 8 months of age
Spaying female dogs prevents…
- Unwanted puppies
- Ovarian cancer
- Pyometra
- Diabetes mellitus
- Mammary cancer if done prior to first heat cycle
- Gastric dilatation and volvulus if a gastropexy is done at time of spaying
Spaying female cats prevents…
- Unwanted kittens
- Signs of heat
Neutering male dogs prevents…
- Roaming
- Aggression
- Prostatic infections
- Testicular cancer
- Perineal hernias
Neutering male cats prevents…
- Roaming
- Cat fight abscesses
- Marking or spraying
What do we use screening tests for?
- Urinalysis
- CBC
- Biochemical profile
- Fecal exam
- Heartworm test
- Radiographs
- Blood pressure
