assess prior learning - persons degree of learning, success or accomplishment in a subject or task

assess potential to learn - capability for relatively specific task or skill

week one - intro to test and measurement Flashcards by Selina Janmohamed

definition of measurement

measurement is the act of identifying properties of an object

ex. carpenter would use a measuring tape to get the dimensions of a piece of wood

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measurement theory

field of statistics that describes and evaluates the quality of measurements

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examples of where we experience psychometric assessment

testing in education to under stand student progress
passing driving tests
credit score testing

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psychometrics - common set of fundamental characteristics

they should all strive to be accurate
they should measure what they intend to measure
they should produce meaningful scores to make comparisons among individuals
free of bias against members of certain groups

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latent construct

seek to identify the properties of a psychological object

latent: can not observe it
construct - domain of behaviours

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working memory example

goal: to access the working memory of two students

working memory is LATENT

Selected Test: Ability to recall strings of digits
Interpretation of Results: More digits recalled = more
working memory

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individual vs groups tests

individual: given to one person at a time

group: given to a group of people simultaneously

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achievement tests

assess prior learning

persons degree of learning, success or accomplishment in a subject or task

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aptitude tests

assess potential to learn

capability for relatively specific task or skill

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intelligence tests

ability to solve problems and think abstractly

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personality test

measure traits, qualities, behaviours that determine person individuality

structured - accept or reject statements of ones self
(usually self report)

projective - reactions to ambitious stimuli are recorded and interpreted
(assumes responses reflect individual characteristics)

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behavioural procedures

describe and count the frequency of a behaviour, identifying the antecedents and consequences of the behaviour

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what is a test

technique to quantify a behaviour

composed of ITEMS

item: specific stimuli that produces a response
- usually require multiple items to properly assess the construct

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psychometrics

the science of evaluating characteristics of a psychological test

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criterion vs norm references tests

criterion referenced tests - decisions made in comparison to a cut off score

norm referenced tests - score is compared to some reference sample
- expected score from the population
- test taker needs to be part of reference population

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Sir Francis Galton (1883)

came up with the term PSYCHOMETRY/PSYCHOMETRICS
- father of psychometrics
- suggests there are differences between individuals
- arguably the first to have a large focus on mental diff. bw individuals
- believes anything is measurable

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Charles Darwin

describes individual differences in animals

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Edward Jenner - 4 stage hierarchy of human intellect

highest to lowest:

1.mental perfection
2. mediocrity
3 being
4. idiots

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who is the father of psychology as a science

Wundt
- creation of behaviour tests (ex. working memory)

The binet-simon scale (1905)

first intelligence test to create
test compared mental age with chronological age
renamed to the stanford binet intelligence scale

army beta

specifically for those with little to no reading ability and used pictures and diagrams for assessing skills

world war 1

the testing was successful
- achievement tests began to be created and implemented
- by 1920s testing was occurring in nearly all industries and work forces

traits

relatively enduring dispositions that distinguish one person from another

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory (MMPI)

factor analysis made rapid developments
allowing creation and assesmenent of complex constructs

factor analysis

allows the assessment of number of dimensions (called factors) in a measure, identify a minimal set of items needed, and help confirm whether a measure matches what we believe it is measuring (the factor structure)

inferential statistics

provide predictions about a population based on data from a sample of that population

what are the 4 major variable types

ratio, interval, ordinal, nominal

Ratio Data

- continuous - can rank values - zero is meaningful - can describe differences between values ex. personal income, age, time

Interval Data

- continuous - can rank values - zero is NOT meaningful - can only apply addition and subtraction ex. Fahrenheit Temperature

Discrete Data

- values cant be fractions, only whole numbers ex. number of children, count data

ordinal data

- categorical - can rank/order the categories - zero is NOT meaningful ex. income categories, likert scales

Nominal data

- categorical - can not rank/order the categories - zero is NOT meaningful ex. ethnicity, martial status, province of residence

Single-variable (Univariate) tables

left side indicates catgeories of the nominal or interval variable (rows) types of info - frequency, percentage, count (collumns)

Relative Frequency

Number of times that value occurs/ number of observations in the data set ex. suppose we have 200 observations on x = number of prior arrests. if 70 of these x values are 1 then x = 70 70/200 = 0.35 (35%)

Mean

average from all the values in the sample

Median

represents the exact middle point in the sample - in psychometrics, most likely to use a mean instead of median

Dispersion

variation among values greater dispersion = greater range of scores = more possible differences could exist between scores greater dispersion = central tendecy becomes less meaningful

Range

= maximum value - minimum value

Deviation

- measure of distance from the mean Deviation = value - mean

standard deviation

square root of the variance

Variance

1. Find the mean of the given data set. Calculate the average of a given set of values. 2. Now subtract the mean from each value and square them. 3. Find the average of these squared values, that will result in variance.

Percentiles

value where a specific percent of the remaining values will be less than it - ex. if someone has an IQ test score in the top 5%, you can have evidence they are gifted

Correlation

measure of the behaviour between two variables - strictly a measure of behaviour

Properties of Correlation

1.The value of r does not depend of which variable we designate X or Y. 2.The value of r is independent of scale of X and Y 3.-1 <= r <= 1 4.r=1 if and only if all (xi,yi) pairs lie on a straight line with positive slope. r=-1 in the case for a negative slope

Spearmen Rho

correlation coefficient for ordinal data, commonly used for psychological measurement - can not use for categorical data