week 11 intelligence testing Flashcards
what is intelligence
involves the capacity for abstract thoughts, communication, learning, understanding, reasoning, problem solving and more recently emotional and social aspects
- a global capacity
- aggregate of many
different smaller components
Darwin
Darwin Natural Selection for Intelligence
- intelligence was inherited
- Higher intelligent offspring would leave more offspring
resulting in more intelligent genes being based on
studies of differences between
children who were adopted vs those who were not, between twins, and down family trees
concluded that he had evidence of intelligence being hereditary
coined the term eugenics: describe a discussion for improving humanity across time via genetic (by passing on “good” genes)
what laws did galton push for
encourage individuals with what
he considered “good genes” (upper class individuals,
individuals in good careers, etc) to reproduce faster than
those with “poor genes”
what was the first correlation coefficient galton created
Natural Inheritance
James Cattell
coined the term mental testing in a paper called MIND in 1890
- followed Galtons work and progressed it
Charles Spearman
created the Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient
- adjustments in the estimation of reliability
- positive correlation bw sensory tests and academic grades
Who developed the g-factor theory of intelligence?
Charles Spearman
correlations suggested above-average performance on one task was positively associated with above average performance on all other tasks
conclusion: all aspects of intelligence have a common function - G FACOR
- INNATE AND INHERITED
What is the earliest intelligence test we discussed?
Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale
developed by Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon
what is the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale
- created to identify children in need of extra education support in France
- Focused on general cognitive abilities like attention, problem-solving, and reasoning.
- Avoided classroom-specific content to assess innate intellectual abilities rather than acquired knowledge
concept of mental age
Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale introduced the idea that intelligence could be quantified as “mental age”
- comparing a child’s cognitive ability to average level of peers
Terman, Goddard, Stern
in 1914 Stern came up with theoretical notation of mental quotient
(child mental age divided by chronological age)
then used this to define IQ (multiply by 100)
if child mental age = chronological age, ratio is 1, so the IQ is 1*100 = 100
Goddard
control the acceptance of immigrants
- reducing the number of low intelligence individuals in america
Wechsler Intelligence Scales
(WAIS)
developed by David Wechsler
- he believed current tests were too verbal focuses and did not reflect real life (ex. mental age)
- argued intelligence is multidimensional not a single factor
what was the leading theory of intelligence in 1930s
spearmans g theory
point scale concept
each item is assigned a value and any items a person completes successfully would obtain the points
- items of similar concepts would be grouped together
- eventually this began the standard for scoring in intelligence tests
performance scale
individuals had to complete a task such as copying symbols or pointing out what is missing in a picture
- measures nonverbal intelligence unique at the time
- reduced ethnic and cultural bias
structure of WAIS
two scales: verbal, performance (nonverbal)
verbal has several topic areas: Information, Comprehension,
Arithmetic, Similarities, Digit Span
WAIS - use as a clinical tool
intended for clinical assessment
- belief that intelligence is a part of personality
Who developed the Fluid and Crystallized Theory of Intelligence?
Raymond Cattel in 1941
- proposed two types of intelligence (fluid & crystallized)
crystallized intelligence
learned knowledge and skills gained through experience and education
fluid intelligence
Problem-solving and logical reasoning abilities that are independent of acquired knowledge
Who developed the CHC theory of intelligence?
CHC theory of intelligence was developed by combining the work of Raymond Cattell, John Horn, and John Carroll
Howard Gardner
1983-2006 publishes theories of the existence of multiple types of intelligence based on observations
- His research suggested physical destruction (brain damage) to specific parts of the brain would result in specific losses of functions
- intelligence types are unique and independent
emotional intelligence
- monitor ones own and others feelings and emotions
- allow individuals to discriminate emotions and use information in decision making
Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SREIT)
created based on MSCEIT to form a homogenous single factor intelligence test
- highly correlated with psychological well being
IQ vs achievement
many items on IQ tests for arrhythmic and verbal are nearly identical
- commonly IQ tests are validity using achievement/achievement tests
- correlated errors -> inflated convergent validity
What were Weschler’s criticisms of intelligence tests of the time?
- Too focused on verbal tasks and did not measure real-life intelligence effectively.
- Mental age scoring didn’t make sense for adults (e.g., a 50-year-old with a “mental age” of 20).
- Biased against older adults and immigrants.
- Intelligence was treated as a single factor, but Weschler argued it was multidimensional.
pre 1930s for intelligence testing vs post 1930s
pre:
- infancy and heavily influenced by eugenics and discriminatory ideologies
- Little to no psychometric validation of tests existed, and their use caused widespread harm (e.g., forced sterilizations)
post:
- more standardized and rigorous
- Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale in 1939, emphasizing multidimensional intelligence and reducing cultural and language biases
- shifted toward improving psychometric properties (e.g., reliability and validity) and better representing populations in test norm
