week 11 intelligence testing

Question 1

what is intelligence

Answer 1

involves the capacity for abstract thoughts, communication, learning, understanding, reasoning, problem solving and more recently emotional and social aspects

• a global capacity
• aggregate of many
  different smaller components

Question 2

Darwin

Answer 2

Darwin Natural Selection for Intelligence

• intelligence was inherited
• Higher intelligent offspring would leave more offspring
  resulting in more intelligent genes being based on

Question 3

studies of differences between
children who were adopted vs those who were not, between twins, and down family trees

Answer 3

concluded that he had evidence of intelligence being hereditary

coined the term eugenics: describe a discussion for improving humanity across time via genetic (by passing on “good” genes)

Question 4

what laws did galton push for

Answer 4

encourage individuals with what
he considered “good genes” (upper class individuals,
individuals in good careers, etc) to reproduce faster than
those with “poor genes”

Question 5

what was the first correlation coefficient galton created

Answer 5

Natural Inheritance

Question 6

James Cattell

Answer 6

coined the term mental testing in a paper called MIND in 1890

• followed Galtons work and progressed it

Question 7

Charles Spearman

Answer 7

created the Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient
- adjustments in the estimation of reliability
- positive correlation bw sensory tests and academic grades

Question 8

Who developed the g-factor theory of intelligence?

Answer 8

Charles Spearman

correlations suggested above-average performance on one task was positively associated with above average performance on all other tasks

conclusion: all aspects of intelligence have a common function - G FACOR
- INNATE AND INHERITED

Question 9

What is the earliest intelligence test we discussed?

Answer 9

Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale
developed by Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon

Question 10

what is the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale

Answer 10

• created to identify children in need of extra education support in France
• Focused on general cognitive abilities like attention, problem-solving, and reasoning.
• Avoided classroom-specific content to assess innate intellectual abilities rather than acquired knowledge

Question 11

concept of mental age

Answer 11

Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale introduced the idea that intelligence could be quantified as “mental age”

• comparing a child’s cognitive ability to average level of peers

Question 12

Terman, Goddard, Stern

Answer 12

in 1914 Stern came up with theoretical notation of mental quotient
(child mental age divided by chronological age)

then used this to define IQ (multiply by 100)

if child mental age = chronological age, ratio is 1, so the IQ is 1*100 = 100

Question 13

Goddard

Answer 13

control the acceptance of immigrants
- reducing the number of low intelligence individuals in america

Question 14

Wechsler Intelligence Scales
(WAIS)

Answer 14

developed by David Wechsler

• he believed current tests were too verbal focuses and did not reflect real life (ex. mental age)
• argued intelligence is multidimensional not a single factor

Question 15

what was the leading theory of intelligence in 1930s

Answer 15

spearmans g theory

Question 16

point scale concept

Answer 16

each item is assigned a value and any items a person completes successfully would obtain the points
- items of similar concepts would be grouped together
- eventually this began the standard for scoring in intelligence tests

Question 17

performance scale

Answer 17

individuals had to complete a task such as copying symbols or pointing out what is missing in a picture
- measures nonverbal intelligence unique at the time
- reduced ethnic and cultural bias

Question 18

structure of WAIS

Answer 18

two scales: verbal, performance (nonverbal)

verbal has several topic areas: Information, Comprehension,
Arithmetic, Similarities, Digit Span

Question 19

WAIS - use as a clinical tool

Answer 19

intended for clinical assessment
- belief that intelligence is a part of personality

Question 20

Who developed the Fluid and Crystallized Theory of Intelligence?

Answer 20

Raymond Cattel in 1941

• proposed two types of intelligence (fluid & crystallized)

Question 21

crystallized intelligence

Answer 21

learned knowledge and skills gained through experience and education

Question 22

fluid intelligence

Answer 22

Problem-solving and logical reasoning abilities that are independent of acquired knowledge

Question 23

Who developed the CHC theory of intelligence?

Answer 23

CHC theory of intelligence was developed by combining the work of Raymond Cattell, John Horn, and John Carroll

Question 24

Howard Gardner

Answer 24

1983-2006 publishes theories of the existence of multiple types of intelligence based on observations

• His research suggested physical destruction (brain damage) to specific parts of the brain would result in specific losses of functions
• intelligence types are unique and independent

Question 25

emotional intelligence

Answer 25

• monitor ones own and others feelings and emotions
• allow individuals to discriminate emotions and use information in decision making

Question 26

Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SREIT)

Answer 26

created based on MSCEIT to form a homogenous single factor intelligence test

• highly correlated with psychological well being

Question 27

IQ vs achievement

Answer 27

many items on IQ tests for arrhythmic and verbal are nearly identical
- commonly IQ tests are validity using achievement/achievement tests
- correlated errors -> inflated convergent validity

Question 28

What were Weschler’s criticisms of intelligence tests of the time?

Answer 28

• Too focused on verbal tasks and did not measure real-life intelligence effectively.
• Mental age scoring didn’t make sense for adults (e.g., a 50-year-old with a “mental age” of 20).
• Biased against older adults and immigrants.
• Intelligence was treated as a single factor, but Weschler argued it was multidimensional.

Question 29

pre 1930s for intelligence testing vs post 1930s

Answer 29

pre:
- infancy and heavily influenced by eugenics and discriminatory ideologies
- Little to no psychometric validation of tests existed, and their use caused widespread harm (e.g., forced sterilizations)

post:
- more standardized and rigorous
- Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale in 1939, emphasizing multidimensional intelligence and reducing cultural and language biases
- shifted toward improving psychometric properties (e.g., reliability and validity) and better representing populations in test norm