Week One (Book Notes page 292-304)

Question 1

What is a nutrient?

Answer 1

Substance that provides nourishment to an organism

Question 2

What are the three types of nutrients/macronutrients?

Answer 2

Protein, fat, and carbohydrates

Question 3

What are micronutrients?

Answer 3

Do not provide energy

Question 4

What are the micronutrients?

Answer 4

Vitamins and minerals

Question 5

How much of an animals body weight is water?

Answer 5

50-70%

Question 6

What are proteins?

Answer 6

Large molecules made up of chains of smaller compounds called amino acids

Question 7

What are glycoproteins?

Answer 7

Proteins conjugated with carbohydrates

Question 8

What are lipoproteins?

Answer 8

Proteins conjugated with lipids

Question 9

What do proteins function as?

Answer 9

Enzymes, hormones, and carriers of other molecules

Question 10

Dietary protein is digested in the stomach and intestines to smaller compounds such as ______ _____ and _____

Answer 10

Amino acids and peptides

Question 11

What does low digestibility mean?

Answer 11

A larger proportion of dietary protein is excreted

Question 12

Why is protein an important part of the daily diet?

Answer 12

It is not stored in the body

Question 13

What are some functions of lipids?

Answer 13

Providing and storing energy, making up cell membrane structure, acting as signaling agents and hormones, forming other important compounds such as cholesterol

Question 14

Who are linolenic acids required for?

Answer 14

Both dogs and cats

Question 15

Who are alpha-linolenic acids required for?

Answer 15

Both cats and dogs

Question 16

Who are arachidonic acids required for?

Answer 16

Cats

Question 17

Where is fat digested in?

Answer 17

Digested in stomach and intestines to smaller compounds

Question 18

Sugars and starches are examples of what?

Answer 18

Dietary carbohydrates

Question 19

Carbohydrates are mainly used for what?

Answer 19

Energy

Question 20

What are some simple carbohydrates?

Answer 20

Glucose, sucrose, fructose

Question 21

What are some complex carbohydrates?

Answer 21

Starches, glycogen, and certain fibers

Question 22

Where are dietary carbohydrates mainly absorbed?

Answer 22

Intestinal tract

Question 23

What do insulin and glucagons do?

Answer 23

Help regulate blood glucose levels to keep them in a normal range

Question 24

Where is fiber found?

Answer 24

In plant sources

Question 25

What are vitamins?

Answer 25

Organic molecules found in animal and plant tissues

Question 26

Who needs vitamin C?

Answer 26

Humans and guinea pigs

Question 27

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 27

ADEK

Question 28

What are the water soluble vitamins?

Answer 28

B and C

Question 29

What is the difference between fat and water soluble vitamins?

Answer 29

Fat: can be stored in body and may accumulate to toxic levels
Water: limited storage and are excreted rapidly and toxicity is much less likely

Question 30

What are minerals?

Answer 30

Necessary in the diet for metabolic processes and to provide structure

Question 31

What is “ash”?

Answer 31

Refers to everything left over in a diet after combustion (heating at high temperatures)

Question 32

What are antioxidants?

Answer 32

Substances that delay or prevent oxidation (breakdown) of other compounds or structures such as cell membranes

Question 33

What are carotenoids?

Answer 33

Found in colorful vegetables and act both as provitamins and as antioxidants

Question 34

What is choline?

Answer 34

Compound that acts like a B-vitamin but usually is synthesized in the liver rather than being required in the diet

Question 35

What is the main reason to eat food?

Answer 35

Obtain energy

Question 36

What are some factors that interfere with a pet’s normal food intake?

Answer 36

Highly tasty foods, free-choice feeding, snacks and treats, less opportunity for exercise

Question 37

What is one calorie defined as?

Answer 37

The energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water from 14.5 C to 15.5 C

Question 38

1kcal=____ calories

Answer 38

1,000

Question 39

What’s the difference between Calorie and calorie?

Answer 39

Calorie means kilocalorie or large calorie and calorie means calorie or small calorie

Question 40

What is gross energy? (GE)

Answer 40

All of the potential energy available in a food or diet

Question 41

How is gross energy measured?

Answer 41

Measured by bomb calorimetry (burning food to see how much heat is produced)

Question 42

What is metabolizable energy? (ME)

Answer 42

Most common estimate of the amount of energy available from pet foods

Question 43

What is net energy? (NE)

Answer 43

Results from measurement of how much energy is used for digesting, absorbing, and using food

Question 44

What is a percentage the same as?

Answer 44

g/100 g

20%= 20g/100g

Question 45

What does energy density refer to?

Answer 45

kcal per unit of food ingredient or pet food

Question 46

What does energy expenditure (EE) refer to?

Answer 46

The need to use or spend energy to maintain normal body processes and to supply extra energy for increased demands such as exercise or maintaining body heat in cold weather

Question 47

What is resting energy requirement? (RER)

Answer 47

Used for a normal animal at rest in a thermoneutral environment with no additional activity or exercise

Question 48

Protein is necessary because it supplies?

Answer 48

Nitrogen and amino acids

Question 49

What are the three groups of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 49

Omega 3, 6, and 9

Question 50

What two fat soluble vitamins are necessary in the diet of cats and dogs?

Answer 50

Vitamin A and D

Question 51

Deficiency of what causes “black tongue” disease?

Answer 51

Niacin

Question 52

How many minerals are essential for dogs and cats?

Answer 52

12

Question 53

What are the macrominerals?

Answer 53

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride

Question 54

What are the microminerals?

Answer 54

Iron, copper, zinc, manganese, selenium and iodine