Week One (Book Notes page 292-304) Flashcards
What is a nutrient?
Substance that provides nourishment to an organism
What are the three types of nutrients/macronutrients?
Protein, fat, and carbohydrates
What are micronutrients?
Do not provide energy
What are the micronutrients?
Vitamins and minerals
How much of an animals body weight is water?
50-70%
What are proteins?
Large molecules made up of chains of smaller compounds called amino acids
What are glycoproteins?
Proteins conjugated with carbohydrates
What are lipoproteins?
Proteins conjugated with lipids
What do proteins function as?
Enzymes, hormones, and carriers of other molecules
Dietary protein is digested in the stomach and intestines to smaller compounds such as ______ _____ and _____
Amino acids and peptides
What does low digestibility mean?
A larger proportion of dietary protein is excreted
Why is protein an important part of the daily diet?
It is not stored in the body
What are some functions of lipids?
Providing and storing energy, making up cell membrane structure, acting as signaling agents and hormones, forming other important compounds such as cholesterol
Who are linolenic acids required for?
Both dogs and cats
Who are alpha-linolenic acids required for?
Both cats and dogs
Who are arachidonic acids required for?
Cats
Where is fat digested in?
Digested in stomach and intestines to smaller compounds
Sugars and starches are examples of what?
Dietary carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are mainly used for what?
Energy
What are some simple carbohydrates?
Glucose, sucrose, fructose
What are some complex carbohydrates?
Starches, glycogen, and certain fibers
Where are dietary carbohydrates mainly absorbed?
Intestinal tract
What do insulin and glucagons do?
Help regulate blood glucose levels to keep them in a normal range
Where is fiber found?
In plant sources
What are vitamins?
Organic molecules found in animal and plant tissues
Who needs vitamin C?
Humans and guinea pigs
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
ADEK
What are the water soluble vitamins?
B and C
What is the difference between fat and water soluble vitamins?
Fat: can be stored in body and may accumulate to toxic levels
Water: limited storage and are excreted rapidly and toxicity is much less likely
What are minerals?
Necessary in the diet for metabolic processes and to provide structure
What is “ash”?
Refers to everything left over in a diet after combustion (heating at high temperatures)
What are antioxidants?
Substances that delay or prevent oxidation (breakdown) of other compounds or structures such as cell membranes
What are carotenoids?
Found in colorful vegetables and act both as provitamins and as antioxidants
What is choline?
Compound that acts like a B-vitamin but usually is synthesized in the liver rather than being required in the diet
What is the main reason to eat food?
Obtain energy
What are some factors that interfere with a pet’s normal food intake?
Highly tasty foods, free-choice feeding, snacks and treats, less opportunity for exercise
What is one calorie defined as?
The energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water from 14.5 C to 15.5 C
1kcal=____ calories
1,000
What’s the difference between Calorie and calorie?
Calorie means kilocalorie or large calorie and calorie means calorie or small calorie
What is gross energy? (GE)
All of the potential energy available in a food or diet
How is gross energy measured?
Measured by bomb calorimetry (burning food to see how much heat is produced)
What is metabolizable energy? (ME)
Most common estimate of the amount of energy available from pet foods
What is net energy? (NE)
Results from measurement of how much energy is used for digesting, absorbing, and using food
What is a percentage the same as?
g/100 g
20%= 20g/100g
What does energy density refer to?
kcal per unit of food ingredient or pet food
What does energy expenditure (EE) refer to?
The need to use or spend energy to maintain normal body processes and to supply extra energy for increased demands such as exercise or maintaining body heat in cold weather
What is resting energy requirement? (RER)
Used for a normal animal at rest in a thermoneutral environment with no additional activity or exercise
Protein is necessary because it supplies?
Nitrogen and amino acids
What are the three groups of polyunsaturated fatty acids?
Omega 3, 6, and 9
What two fat soluble vitamins are necessary in the diet of cats and dogs?
Vitamin A and D
Deficiency of what causes “black tongue” disease?
Niacin
How many minerals are essential for dogs and cats?
12
What are the macrominerals?
Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride
What are the microminerals?
Iron, copper, zinc, manganese, selenium and iodine
