Week One Flashcards
What is the Vulnerability v Control debate?
Focused on the value of youth
Kids are seen as vulnerable but also in need of control and supervision.
Came about in the nineteenth century when kids were seen as vulnerable so need to get out of work force and go to school but as they contributed to the family economy most kids stayed in part time work and school part time.
Value of children changes with economic and social views. Zelizer (1985) created the idea of the value of youth. Twentieth century kids became over cared for and nutured.
What is the Larrikinism
An idea that kids who were not forced to go to school full time would become delinquents
By 1920s all states had instituted full time school attendance.
What is a transition
A transition is the moving from one life stage to the next and the factors that shape these transitions.
What development life stage did Arnett create?
Emerging Adulthood
People in their 20s do not see themselves as adults
What is the welfare and justice models?
Two models of juvenile justice
Welfare model developed first in mid nineteenth century. Focused on caring for the child and focusing on their needs over deeds.
Justice model or punishment model focused more of the deeds.
Neither has solely existed alone in a pure sense but instead both approaches have been utilised in both past and present juvenile justice systems.
What is the possible three justice model
Restorative justice
Who are the child savers?
Reform groups lead by middle class (mostly women led) people.
Term coined during the 1880-1920 in USA but seen in Aus around same time.
Focused on the rescue and rehabilitation of youth. Saw families and adults and poor lifestyles as causes of youth delinquency instead of it being child’s fault.
Not only active in justice system but also schools and child welfare.
Saw work as altruistic
Created a state that was benevolent and paternal over punishing.
Lead to much child justice reform
When / where was the first child’s court and what were its important features
Wagga Wagga SA 1890s
They were modified adult courts
Lack of distinguishment between offenders eg youth justice and those under care eg youth welfare
Why didn’t child have lawyers in court
Under the state created by child savers it was seen that the state could never be harmful to children and having lawyers would suggest otherwise
What changes happened to justice juveniles systems under the child savers
Children’s courts
Joining of youth justice and welfare - courts heard both criminal and welfare cases. Children committed to reformatories on the basis that their lifestyles may lead to crime
What are the four origins of control that child savers were created from?
Social class
Gender
Generational
Racial//ethnicity
What is the social class control?
Child savers were mostly middle class professionals in fields such as health care, soft sciences
Firm views about child rearing
Hated street life and child labour
Working class families relied on child labour to keep the family economy alive
Child savers wanted child in school full time - this was seen as intrusive by others
Desire to control working class lifestyles
What is generational control
Society’s need to control the young
Young seen as always rebellious and willing to deviate from pre set adult norms
Threat to older generations
Belief that young must develop if social order and stability are to be preserved.
Conflict may arise over access to scarce resources.
Juvenile justice was developed in late nineteenth century because the values of a pre industrial world were fading and there was need to regain control over youths thus bulld young justice and schools
Women became mor financially and socially independent
What is gender control
Feminist theory
Different controls of women and men in justice system
Young women placed in state care for moral transgressions or anticipated transgressions.
Boys sent to reformations for property offences for specific time
Girls kept til specific age (18)
Reformative training was very stereotyped and enforced gender roles that had begun to shaken after the First World War
What is race and ethnicity control with the child savers
Aboriginal youths vastly over represented in YJS especially in corrections
Departments concerned w welfare removed children from families until 1960s. Police parlayed big role in this. State violence against indigenous
