Week One Flashcards
Speech Chain; Articulatory Phonetics, & Anatomical Planes; Body Materials
What is sound?
Movement based sensation
Vibration that travels through a medium, such as air, water, or solids, as a waveform, detectable by the hearing sense in various organisms
What is the process of sound?
Vibration
Wave creation
Transmission
Interpretation
Explain vibration in regards to process of sound
An object vibrates, disturbing the particles in the surrounding medium
Explain wave creation in regards to process of sound
This disturbance causes the particles to move in a wave pattern
Explain transmission in regards to process of sound
Sound waves travel though the medium
Explain interpretation in regards to process of sound
Ours ears and brain process these waves
What pressure occurs in compression zones?
High pressure (peaks)
What pressure occurs in rarefaction zones?
Low pressure (valleys)
What if there was vibration that could not be heard? Is it still sound?
All speech includes vibration; therefore it involves sound
The magnitude of vibrations is below the threshold for sensation
What is the feed-forward model?
Linear process, a plan is constructed and carried out without paying attention to the results
What occurs during sensory processing?
Not about speech, unbiased approach to what has been received
Simply receive it, sense it, and decompose it
What is the feed-back model?
What you are saying is constantly going back to you and being monitored, have the ability to go back and correct self
Define haptic
tactile + proprioception
Define tactile
Related to touch, especially via skin
E.g., touching skin (think tactile sign language)
What is aero-tactile?
Sense of touch or feeling in relation to air or airflow
E.g., sensation of air moving against the skin
Define somatosensory
Perception of sensations such as touch, pressure, temperature, pain, and proprioception (process of perceiving)
Define proprioception
The sense of the relative position of ones own body parts
E.g., where is my hand now?
Define somatosensory response
Reaction or response of the somatosensory system to a sensory stimulus
E.g., moving hand away from hot stove
What is phonetics?
The scientific study of human speech sounds
What are the three branches of phonetics?
Articulatory phonetics
Acoustic phonetics
Auditory phonetics
What is articulatory phonetics?
How speech sounds are physically produced by the human vocal tract
What is acoustic phonetics?
Properties of speech from sound waves without regards to articulation
What is auditory phonetics?
How our brain processes acoustic phonetics
What anatomical structures provide the airstream in speech production?
Lungs, ribcage, diaphragm
What anatomical structures vibrate to produce sound?
Vocal folds/larynx
What anatomical structures are the articulators?
Include the tongue, teeth, lips, and palate, shaping the sound into speech
What does temporal refer to?
How often measures are taken
More often = higher temporal resolution
What does spatial refer to?
How detailed/precise the measurements are
More precise = higher spatial resolution
What are the three anatomical planes?
Sagittal
Coronal/frontal
Transverse
What are the two axes for a sagittal plane?
Vertical and anterior-posterior
What does sagittal plane cut the body into?
Left and right
What is a midsagittal plane?
Divides the body down the middle (can only occur once)
What is a parasagittal plane?
Any sagittal plane that is not midsagittal
What are the two axes for a coronal plane?
Vertical and side-to-side
What does a coronal plane cut the body into?
Anterior and posterior parts
What are the two axes for a transverse plane?
Side-to-side and anterior-posterior
What does a transverse plane cut the body into?
Superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts
What does the sagittal axis refer to?
How far right or left
What does the frontal axis refer to?
How far back or front
What does the transverse axis refer to?
How far up or down
What are the directions of the sagittal plane?
Left/sinistral vs right/dextral
What are the directions of the coronal plane?
Anterior/ventral vs posterior/dorsal
What are the directions of the transverse plane?
Superior vs inferior
What is the difference between medial and lateral?
Medial = towards the midline of the body
Lateral = away from the midline
What is the difference between proximal and distal?
Proximal = closer to the origin/attachment
Distal = farther from origin/attachment
What is the difference between cranial and caudal?
Cranial = head
Caudal = tail(bone)
What is the difference between superficial and deep?
Superficial = towards the outside
Deep = deeper inside the body
E.g., the ribs are superficial to the lungs, the lungs are deep to the ribs
What are the hards parts in the body called?
Bones
Cartilages
What are the soft parts in the body called?
Muscles
Tendons: connect muscle to bone
Ligaments: connect bone to bone
Whats the difference between striated and smooth muscles?
Striated: can be moved voluntarily (often works in pairs: agonist-antagonist)
Smooth: works without voluntary efforts
