Week 11 Flashcards
Tongue Intrinsic, Lingual Consonants, & Palatography
What are the 4 extrinsic tongue muscles?
Genioglossus
Palatoglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus
What extrinsic tongue muscles are above the tongue?
Palatoglossus
Styloglossus
What extrinsic tongue muscles are below the tongue?
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
What are the 4 main intrinsic tongue muscles?
Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Transverse/transversus
Vertical/verticalis
Where is the superior longitudinal muscle located?
Immediately beneath the mucous membrane on the upper surface of the tongue
Runs along the length of the tongue
Muscle fibres run longitudinally from the root to the apex
What is the function of the superior longitudinal muscle?
When it contracts, shortens the tongue
Pulls the tip upward and backward, and makes the dorsal surface of the tongue convex
What sounds require the contraction of the superior longitudinal?
Retroflex
What is the location of the inferior longitudinal muscle?
Underside of the tongue
Runs along either side of the genioglossus, medial to the hyoglossus muscles
Runs parallel to the superior longitudinal but on the under surface
What is the basic function of the inferior longitudinal muscle?
Contracting pulling the tongue tip downward, gives the tongue a convex shape
What speech sounds require the contraction of the inferior longitudinal muscle?
[s]
Where is the transverses muscle located?
Originates at the lingual septum and inserts into the lingual margin
Muscle fibres run laterally (horizontally)
Below the superior longitudinal
What is the basic function of the transverse muscles?
Narrows the tongue from side-to-side, can elongate and vertically thicken the tongue
Helps in protrusion of the tongue
Pulls sides towards the septum (centre)
What speech sounds require the transverse muscle?
[i] tongue spreads
[u] tongue bunches
Where is the verticalis muscle located?
Perpendicular to the transverse, interwoven between the transverse fibres
More concentrated in the anterior part
Wider at the bottom than the top
What is the basic function of the vertical muscle?
Pulls the upper surface of the tongue downward
Contraction flattens and widens the tongue (somewhat opposite of the transverse)
True or false: you can activate the transverse and the vertical muscle at the same time
False, they are mutually exclusive
How does the degree of constriction vary across sounds?
Vocal tract is most open during vowels
Vocal tract is most closed in stop consonants
What does the degree of constriction help phoneticians distinguish between?
Vowels, approximants, fricatives, and stops based on how much the airflow is constricted
What is tongue bracing?
Contact made by the tongue with surfaces in the oral cavity
Supports articulation process
What is the key function of tongue bracing?
Forcing airflow through specific locations, maintaining stability and accuracy, and reducing the tongues degrees of freedom
How does tongue bracing help with stability and precision?
Bracing provides an anchor, enhancing the precision of sound production, especially in rapid or complex speech
How does tongue bracing help with efficient speech production?
Limits movement options, bracing simplifies control over the tongue
How does tongue bracing help with feedback for adjustment?
Offer crucial somatosensory feedback, aiding in the adjustment of tongue position and movement for accurate articulation
What is lateral bracing?
Sides of the tongue contacting the inner sides of the teeth or the upper lateral regions of the mouth
What is lateral bracing crucial for?
Sounds requiring airflow to be directed along the tongues midline
Vowels
What is medial bracing?
Tongue makes contact with the roof of the mouth along its centre
What is medial bracing crucial for?
Sounds requiring airflow laterally along the sides of the tongue
Lateral fricatives and lateral approximants
What are approximants characterized by?
Lingual constrictions that are not tight enough to disrupt airflow
Retain some vocalic qualities
What approximants have lateral bracing?
[l] and [ʎ]
What approximants have medial bracing?
[w] and [j]
What are turbulent constrictions?
Tight constriction and tongue shapes that accelerate airflow, causing turbulence
Aka fricatives
What is the relationship between constriction and degree of turbulence?
Degree of turbulence increases with the construction
Critical point is maximal turbulence for that location
What muscle is used to produce [s]?
Genioglossus to create medial groove
Are lateral fricatives always produced symmetrically?
No, the can be produced bilaterally or unilaterally
What are periodic constrictions?
Can result in a trill of the anterior tongue, similar to vocal fold phonation
What constriction is needed in periodic constrictions?
Narrow constriction, proper airway shape behind the constriction, specific tenseness in the vibrating body
What constriction happens in the sound [ʙ]?
Periodic
Tongue top trills vibrate against the hard palate
What are closure constrictions?
Tongue compress again an opposing surface to withstand air pressure and create a tight seal
How are stops and plosives characterized?
Closure constrictions
Narrowest degree of consonant constriction
Create a complete closure that prevents airflow
What is overshoot in closure constrictions?
Movements target is beyond the point of constriction, aiding in tight closure
How are taps and flaps characterized?
Lighter or quicker stops with minimal or no overshoot
In flaps, articulator touches a surface then continues in the same direction, often alveolar ridge
What are coronal sounds?
Sounds that involve the back of the tongue (anterior part)
How are the transverse and verticalis used in coronal sounds?
Elongation and bracing
How is the superior longitudinal used in coronal sounds?
Raising tongue front
How is the inferior longitudinal used in coronal sounds?
Stabilization
Whats the difference between apical and laminal?
Apical: Tongue tip makes constriction
Laminal: Tongue blade makes constriction
What are retroflex constrictions?
Sounds that involve curling the tongue tip backwards, using the underside of the tongue against the upper teeth and alveolar ridge
What muscle facilities retroflex production?
Superior longitudinal
What is palatography?
Method to study tongue - palate contact during speech
Used in articulatory phonetics
What are the two types of palaeography?
Static palaeography
Electropalatography (EPG)
What is static palatography?
Used charcoal to mark the place of contact
Captures pattern after speech production
Useful in stops and affricates
What are some advantages of static palatography?
Simple and inexpensive
Good for single articulatory events
What are some limitations of static palatography?
Not dynamic - can only capture one movement
Messy and intrusive
What is electropalatography?
Real-time method to track tongue contact
Uses custom made artificial palate with electrodes
Records contact patterns dynamically
How is EPG set up?
Palate molded to upper teeth/palate
Contains electrodes arranged in a grid
Data sent to computer for visualization
What are applications of EPG?
Speech therapy and clinical phonetics
Language documentation
Phonetic and phonological analysis
What are some advantages of electropalatography?
Real-time and dynamic analysis
Repeatable and quantifiable
What are some limitations of electropalatography?
Expensive and requires custom palate
Only records contact, not pressure
Cannot track any data from dental sounds or dentalization
