Week 12 Flashcards
Facial Muscles, & Measuring Facial Activity
What type of feedback can the lips and face provide?
Multimodal feedback
Visual and tactile feedback
How is feedback useful for blind speakers?
Use reduced acoustic vowel contrasts, indicating visual feedback enhances vowel articulation
How is feedback useful for sighted speakers?
Adjust speech using visual cues from interlocutors faces
Integrate what they see with what they produce
What is the McGurk affect?
Provides evidence that the brain processes acoustic and visual information differently
Proves that language processing is multimodal
What is Tadoma method?
Tactile feedback allows blind and deaf to perceive speech through direct contact with the speakers face and neck
What is the orbicularis oris (OO) muscle?
Performs sphincter-like (ring) actions, central to lip movements
Composed of multiple fibre layers, from superficial to deep
Where is the superficial layer of the orbicularis oris (OO)?
Located just under the skin
What is the function of the superficial orbicularis oris (OO)?
Enables fine-tuned lip shaping and nuanced facial expressions
Works with rigorous and zygomaticus
Where is the deep layer of the orbicularis oris (OO)?
Located near bone and connective tissue
What is the function of the deep orbicularis oris (OO)?
Provides strength for tight lip seal, gripping, and pressure generation
Used in bilabial sounds
*Think: deeP, [p]=bilabial duh lip seal + pressure
Where is the marginal part of the orbicularis oris (OOm)?
Inner zone, closest to the mouth
What is the function of the marginal orbicularis oris (OOm)?
Produces rounded, unprotruded lips
What types of sounds are produced with the marginal orbicularis oris (OOm)?
Rounded front vowels like [y]
Where is the peripheral part of the orbicularis oris (OOp)?
Outer zone, farther from the centre
*Think: peripheral = far away
What is the function of the peripheral orbicularis oris (OOp)?
Produces lip protrusion
*Think: Peripheral Protrusion, PPPP both start P
What types of sounds are produced with the peripheral orbicularis oris (OOp)?
Back rounded vowels like [u] and [o]
Do the peripheral and marginal OO activate independently?
No, they always activate together, one leads, one supports
What does the orbicularis oris superior (OOs) control?
Upper lip movement
What does orbicularis oris superior (OOs) contribute to?
Labial closure and expressions like smiling
What does the orbicularis oris inferior (OOi) control?
Lower lip movement
What sound is the orbicularis oris inferior (OOi) active in?
Labiodental sounds like [f] and [v]
Can the orbicularis oris inferior work independently from other OOs?
Yes
What is the function of the buccinator muscle?
Spreads lips, stiffens cheeks
Essential for chewing, sucking, and keeping food in place during mastication
Works with the OO to shape and tense lips
Where is the buccinator muscle located?
Inner cheek wall, extending from the pterygomanibular raphe to the mouth corners
What is the function of the risorius?
Known as the laugh muscles
Contracts to draw sides of the mouth back, producing a spread lip shape or fake smile
*Think: Are you serious… Risorius (get it like haha… fake smile)
Where is the risorius muscle located?
Runs from the masseter muscle to the skin at the corners of the mouth
What is the function of the mentalis muscle?
Sometimes referred to as the pouting muscle
Pulls the chin up towards the lower lip, aiding in pouting or strengthening upward movements of the lower chin
*Think: ugh menty b pout
Where does the mentalis muscle originate and insert?
Origin: front of the mandible
Insertion: skin of the chin
What is the function of the levator labii superioris muscle?
Raises the upper lip
Where is the origin and insertion of the levator labii superioris?
Origin: Lower orbit of the eyes to the zygomatic arch
Insertion: Upper lip
Broad sheet of muscle
What is the function of the zygomaticus major?
Sincere smile
Raises corners of the mouth
*Think: Ziggy makes me smile major
What is the function of the zygomaticus minor?
Aids in opening the upper lip
Where is the origin and insertion of the zygomaticus muscles?
Origin: Zygomatic arch
Insertion: corners of the mouth
What is the function of the depressor anguli oris muscle?
Aids in frowning or pulling the upper lip downward
Where is the origin and insertion of the depressor anguli oris muscle?
Origin: lower edge of the mandible
Insertion: angles or sides of the mouth
What is the function of the depressor labii inferioris muscle?
Lowering and spreading the lower lip
*Think: duh inferioris = lower lip
Where is the origin and insertion of the depressor labii inferioris muscle?
Origin: lower edge of the mandible
Insertion: Skin of the lower lip
What effect does botox have?
Inject the muscle to numb/deactivate it and prevent muscle contraction
What are the three lip postures for labial sounds?
Bilabials
Labiodental
Rounded
What is the posture for bilabials?
Lips come together and spread relatively wider
Forms a tight seal which allows increased air pressure to build up
What is the posture for labiodentals?
Lower lip is slightly retracted and raised to touch the upper teeth
Creates semi closure useful in producing fricatives
What is the rounded posture?
Lips form a protruded O
Lip rounding extends the vocal tract and lowers its resonance
What is overshoot?
When the movement or force applied during speech production goes beyond what is necessary to form a particular sound
What is a benefit of overshoot?
Ensures reliability of sound production without requiring extremely precise muscular control
What is overshoot in labial stops?
Lips press together more firmly
Results in more explosive sound
What is overshoot in labiodental fricatives?
Lip to teeth contact is close enough to create turbulence
Gaps in teeth don’t allow complete blockage of airflow
What is an electromagnetic articulometer (EMA)?
Device used to track and record the movements of speech articulators in real time
Uses sensors and magnetic fields
Where are sensors used for EMA?
Small sensors are attached to various speech articulators
What is the role of magnetic field generation in EMA?
Series of magnetic transmitters create dynamic field around the speakers head
How does motion tracking work in EMA?
Sensors detect changes in their position relative to the magnetic field, tracking movements of the articulators
What type of data is collected from EMA?
Continuous real-time data is collected
Can be visualized for analysis
What type of temporal resolution does EMA collect?
High temporal resolution that captures rapid movements of articulators during speech
~ every 10ms
Is EMA invasive?
Non-invasive
Do not effect natural speech production
What are some applications of EMA?
Speech science research: speech production and speech disorders
Linguistics: physical processes behind phenomena
Speech therapy: Diagnosing speech disorders and provides feedback
Technology development
