Week 8 & 9 Flashcards
Skull, Velum & Velum Research
What can the airstream travel through in oral sounds?
Oropharyngeal isthmus (OPI)
Arch shaped opening leading to the nasal cavity
What can the airstream travel through in nasal sounds?
Velopharyngeal port (VPP)
Connects the mouth to the nasal passage
What are the two types of bones in the skull?
(Neuro)cranial bones
Viscerocranial/Facial bones
How many of each type of bone are in the skull?
(Neuro)cranial bones: 8
Viscerocranial/Facial bones: 14
Total: 22
What are the (neuro)cranial bones?
Temporal bones (one pair)
Parietal bones (one pair)
Frontal bone
Occipital bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
What’s a mnemonic to remember the cranial bones?
Elephants: Ethmoid
Fly: Frontal
South: Sphenoid
Past: Parietal
Tall: Temporal
Oaks: Occipital
What are the viscerocranial/facial bones?
Mandible
Maxilla (one pair)
Palatine bone (one pair)
Zygomatic bone (one pair)
Lacrimal bone (one pair)
Nasal bone (one pair)
Inferior nasal concha (one pair)
Vomer
What’s a mnemonic to remember the facial bones?
Zebras: Zygomatic
Lick: Lacrimal
Ice: Inferior nasal concha
Making: Mandible
Many: Maxilla
Very: Vomer
Naughty: Nasal
Pictures: Palatine
Where are the temporal bones located?
Sides and base of the skull (where your temples are)
Hardest part
What are the 3 parts that comprise the temporal bones?
Squamous part: thin, flat part forms anterior and superior sections
Mastoid part: contains mastoid, important for muscle attachment
Petrous part: pyramid shaped, houses inner ear structures (crucial for balance and hearing)
Where are the parietal bones located?
Side walls and roof of cranial cavity
What is the structure of the parietal bones?
Broad, curved plates forming the upper lateral sides of the skull
Meet at the top of the skull (sagittal suture)
What are the four sutures for the parietal bones?
Sagittal suture: two parietal bones meet at the midline of the skull
Coronal suture: parietal bones meet the frontal bone
Lambdoid suture: parietal bones meet the occipital bone
Squamosal suture: parietal bones articulate with the temporal bones laterally
Where is the frontal bone located?
Forehead and upper eye sockets
What is the structure of the frontal bone?
Single bone that includes forehead, roofs of eye socket, and most of the anterior cranial floor
Contains frontal sinuses
What is the suture for the frontal bone?
Coronal suture: meets parietal bone
Where is the occipital bone located?
Back of the head
Posterior and inferior parts of the cranial cavity
What is the structure of the occipital bone?
Single bone
Houses the foramen magnum, where the spinal cord exits the skull
What is the suture for the occipital bone?
Lambdoid suture: meets with parietal bones
Where is the sphenoid bone located?
Base of the skull, in between the frontal and temporal bone (anterior to occipital bone)
What is the structure of the sphenoid bone?
Butterfly shaped bone that forms part of the floor of the cranial cavity
Forms part of the sinus
What are the sutures for the sphenoid bone?
Articulates with all other cranial bones
Where is the ethmoid bone located?
Roof of the nasal cavity and at the base of the cranium
What is the structure of the ethmoid bone?
Between the orbital cavities, forms part of the nasal septum and the lateral walls and roof of the nasal cavity
Contains air cells that form the ethmoidal sinuses
What are the sutures for the ethmoid bone?
Articulates with the frontal bone anteriorly and the sphenoid bone posteriorly
Where is the maxilla located?
Upper jaw and parts of the orbit, nasal cavities, and hard palate
Maximum part of facial bones
What is the structure of the maxilla bones?
Paired bones fused at the midline, containing upper teeth
Forms the floor of the orbital cavities and the roof of the mouth
Where is the mandible located?
Lower jawbone, only moveable bone in the skull
What is the structure of the mandible?
Largest and strongest bone of the face, holding the lower teeth
Where is the zygomatic bone located?
Cheekbone
*Think: Ziggy makes me blush
What is the structure of the zygomatic bone?
Connects with the maxilla, temporal bone, sphenoid bone, and frontal bone
Forms part of orbit, supporting the eye
Where is the nasal bone located?
Bridge of the nose
What is the structure of the nasal bone?
Small paired rectangular bones that form the upper part of the nasal septum
Provides shape and support to the nose
Where is the lacrimal bone located?
Tear duct cavity of the eye socket
What is the structure of the lacrimal bone?
Smallest, most fragile bones of the face
Houses the lacrimal sac, integral to the tear drainage system
Where is the palatine bone located?
Back part of the nasal cavity and the posterior of the roof of the mouth
What is the structure of the palatine bone?
L-shaped, forms hard palate, nasal cavity, and sinus
Where is the vomer bone located?
Part of the nasal septum, located in the midline of the nasal cavity
What is the structure of the vomer bone?
Thin, plowshare-shaped bone that divides the nasal cavity into left and right nostrils
Where is the inferior nasal conchae located?
Projection from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
*think: inner nasal shells
What is the structure of the inferior nasal cavity?
Paired curved bones that form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
What does the velum play a crucial role in?
Speech, by managing airflow between the oral and nasal cavities
Comprises several muscles that enable it to move in complex ways for speech production
What is the palatine aponeurosis?
Flat sheet tendon that goes through the velum
Provides structure for stabilizing and transferring force
What is the pterygoid hamulus?
Projection of the sphenoid bone
What is the function of the levator veli palatini?
Most important muscle for velum raising
Elevates the soft palate to close off the nasopharynx
Where does the levator veli palatini originate?
Upper end attached to temporal bone and cartilage of the Eustachian tube
Where does the levator veli palatini insert?
Palatine aponeurosis of the soft palate
Forms a u-shaped muscular sling
What is the function of the tensor veli palatini?
Tenses the soft palate and opens the Eustachian tubes
Where does the tensor veli palatini originate?
Sphenoid bone near the base of the skull and the Eustachian tube
Where does the tensor veli palatini insert?
Palatine aponeurosis
What is the function of the palatoglossus?
Draws the soft palate towards the tongue and narrows the oropharyngeal isthmus (if velum is stable, raise tongue, if tongue is stable, lower velum)
Forms complete ring
Where does the palatoglossus originate?
Palatine aponeurosis of the soft palate
Where does the palatoglossus insert?
Lateral sides of the tongue
What is the function of the palatopharyngeus?
Lowers the soft palate and narrows the pharyngeal cavity
Where does the palatopharyngeus originate?
Palatine aponeurosis and the hard palate
Where does the palatopharyngeus insert?
Thyroid cartilage and the pharyngeal wall
What is the function of the musculus uvulae?
Elevates and thickens the uvula, assisting in closing the nasopharynx
Creates a tighter seal
Where does the musculus uvulae originate?
Posterior nasal spine of the palatine bone
Where does the musculus uvulae insert?
Uvula
What is the interaction between the tongue and velum?
The palatoglossus muscle connects the tongue and velum, influencing their positions and the resultant speech sounds
Uses either velum lowering or tongue raising
Explain velum lowering for speech production
Pull the soft palate downward, aiding in the closure of the velopharyngeal port during the production of non-nasal sounds
Explain tongue raising for speech production
Due to its insertion into the tongue, it also elevates the back of the tongue towards the soft palate
What are the methods of velopharyngeal port (VPP) closure?
Trapdoor (coronal) method *most common
Circular method
Circle with passavant’s ridge (CPR)
Sagittal method
What is the trapdoor VPP closure method?
Raising the velum to form a complete seal with the rear pharyngeal wall
Key muscle: levator palati
What is the circular VPP closure method?
Involves both levator palate and the superior pharyngeal constrictor to constrict the lateral pharyngeal walls
What is the circular with passavant’s ridge (CPR) VPP closure method?
Similar to the circular method but uses the passavant’s ridge
What is the sagittal VPP closure method?
Uses the superior pharyngeal constrictors to squeeze the lateral walls around the velum (makes smaller surface for velum to cover)
What is the tradition view of speech sounds in phonology?
Sounds are either nasal or oral, no in between
