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Bioenergetics > Week eight and nine- Carbohydrate metabolism > Flashcards

Week eight and nine- Carbohydrate metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What molecules are carbohydrates made up of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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2
Q

What are the classes of carbohydrates?

A

– Monosaccharides – Disaccharides – Polysaccharides

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3
Q

What group are carbohydrates in?

A

Carbonyl group

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4
Q

Describe monosaccharides and provide examples.

A

-Single sugar molecules (e.g. glucose, galactose and fructose)

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5
Q

Describe disaccharides. and provide examples.

A

Two sugar molecules (e.g. glucose + fructose = sucrose)

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6
Q

Describe Polysaccharides and provide examples.

A

many sugar molecules (e.g. starch in plant cells and glycogen in animal cells)

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7
Q

Where are carbohydrates stored?

A

-Blood glucose -Liver glycogen -Muscle glycogen

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8
Q

What is the catalyst for the breakdown of glycogen?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

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9
Q

What are the three stages that need to occur for energy to be extracted from CHO?

A

-Glycolysis -TCA cycle (krebs) -Oxidative phosphorylation

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10
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

The oxidation of glucose or glycogen.

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11
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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12
Q

What is produced during aerobic glycolysis vs anaerobic glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate Lactate

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13
Q

What does glycolysis require?

A

glucose, enzymes, co-enzymes and ADP

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14
Q

What does glycolysis produce?

A

Pyruvate, NADH and ATP

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15
Q

What occurs in steps 1-3 in glycolysis and what is the primary regulator of speed?

A

Energy investment to be recouped later. Atp is required and some ADP is produced Phosphofruktokinase

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16
Q

What occurs in steps 4-5 in glycolysis?

A

Cleavage of six-carbon sugar to two three-carbon sugars

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17
Q

What occurs in steps 6-10 in glycolysis?

A

Energy generation

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18
Q

What occurs in step 7 in glycolysis?

A

First stage where ATP is generated

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19
Q

In stage 6 of glycolysis what happens if the metabolic rate is very high?

A

NAD+ can become saturated with h+, so there is not enough free NAD+ available, this can cause a ‘bottleneck’ at step 6.

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20
Q

What is produced in step 9 of glycolysis?

A

Some metabolic water.

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21
Q

What occurs in step 10 of glycolysis?

A

Second and final ATP generating step. Pyruvate kinase is the catalyst

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22
Q

How much ATP are produced when glucose is used vs glycogen

A

Glucose- 2 ATP Glycogen- 3ATP

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23
Q

What are the rate limiting steps of glycolysis?

A

PFK activity drops when acidity increases, causes step 3 to be bottle necked. In step 6 NAD availability can be come limited

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24
Q

Describe in a nut shell what glycolysis is

A

One glucose molecule is converted via 10 steps to form pyruvate. The energy yield is 2 ATPs

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25
Q

In step one what does hexokinase do?

A

Helps trap the glucose molecule into the cell by enabling us the attach a phosphate group to it.

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26
Q

In step three what does phosphofruktokinase (PFK) do?

A

Very sensitive to acidity therefore acidity can become rate limiting.

27
Q

In step three what does pyruvate kinase do?

A

Catalyses the formation of pyruvate

28
Q

What are the ATP generating steps?

A

7 and 10

29
Q

What are the three stages when extraction if energy from CHO occurs?

A

Glycolysis TCA cycle (kerbs) Oxidative phosphorylation

30
Q

Why do we produce lactate?

A

The rate of gylcolysis is faster than the subsequent stages of CHO metabolism (TCA and ETC) When metabolic rate is high, NADH availability is low and NAD availability is low.

31
Q

When do we produce pyruvate?

A

When metabolic rate is low and O2 availability is high, NAD availability is high

32
Q

What is pyruvate converted into in the mitochondria?

A

Acetyl-coenzymeA

33
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytosol

34
Q

Where does the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

Mitochondria

35
Q

What does substrate level phosphorylation include?

A

ATP generated from PCr hydrolysis and glycolysis

36
Q

Does substrate level phosphorylation require oxygen?

A

No

37
Q

What determines the NAD availability?

A

Metabolic rate

38
Q

What happens when we have low NAD availability?

A

Favours lactate production

39
Q

What happens when we have high NAD availability?

A

Favours conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-coenzymeA

40
Q

What does TCA cycle start of with?

A

acetyl-coenzymeA

41
Q

Describe the TCA cycle?

A

A cyclical process of 8 steps

42
Q

What is the main purpose of the TCA cycle

A

Oxidise acetyl groups and strip off their electrons of the ETC

43
Q

What is the end product of one turn of the TCA cycle?

A

Oxaloacetate

44
Q

What is the net energy produced in the TCA cycle?

A

3 NADH 1 FADH2 1 GTP

45
Q

What occurs in step 1 of the TCA cycle?

A

Oxaloacetate reacts with acetyl CoA to form 6-carbon molecule citrate

46
Q

What occurs in step 3 and 4 of the TCA cycle?

A

Produces CO2 and NADH

47
Q

What occurs in step 5 of the TCA cycle?

A

Produces one GTP

48
Q

What occurs in step 6 of the TCA cycle?

A

Produces one FADH2

49
Q

What occurs in step 8 of the TCA cycle?

A

Produces one NADH and oxaloacetate

50
Q

How is NAD and FAD regenerated?

A

ETC

51
Q

What is the net energy yield from one glucose molecule?

A

36 ATP

52
Q

What is the net energy yield from one glycogen molecule?

A

37 ATP

53
Q

In the TCA cycle what is a substrate in step 1 and a product in step 8?

A

Oxaloacetate

54
Q

What is the capacity of PCr?

A

Low

55
Q

How fast can PCr produce energy?

A

In seconds

56
Q

What is the capacity of glycolysis?

A

Intermediate

57
Q

What is the capacity of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

High

58
Q

How fast can glycolysis produce energy?

A

Intermediate

59
Q

How fast can oxidative phosphorylation produce energy?

A

Low rate, mate rate can be achieved in 1-3 mins.

60
Q

What are the three metabolic pathways?

A

PCr Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation

61
Q

Do ATP levels within the muscles vary much?

A

No, even during intense exercise

62
Q

What does the PCr shuttle allow?

A

The transfer of phosphate bond energy within the cell

63
Q

Label the mitochondria

A
  1. Inter membrane space
  2. Matrix
  3. Inner membrane

Bioenergetics (11 decks)

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