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Forensic Psychology > Week - E/W Identification > Flashcards

Week - E/W Identification Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of a lineup?

A

To determine the extent to which the witness recognises the suspect.

This is distinctly different from getting them to PICk our subject (we can do this very easily).

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2
Q

Descriptions provide recall information which leads to …

A

a suspect

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3
Q

The idea of a lineup is that it will provide information from what?

A

recognition memory

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4
Q

What are the two questions we ask in a lineup?

A
  1. Does the witness recognise the suspect

2. Does ID info increase.decrease the probability that the suspect is the offender?

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5
Q

Is it easy to manipulate things to get the witness to pick a certain person?

A

YES

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6
Q

The outcome of matching process influenced by what? (2)

A
  1. quality of EW memory

2. characteristics of the lineup/task

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7
Q

What are 3 important points about the determinants of identification reliability?

A
  1. Not about the accuracy of individual IDs
  2. consideration of factors that increase/decrease reliability or informational value
  3. ask how informative is this ID? What does it tell us?
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8
Q

What influences viewing conditions in encoding, when assessing the determinants of identification reliability?

A
  • duration
  • distance
  • others?
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9
Q

What influences divided attention in encoding, when assessing the determinants of identification reliability?

A

-weapon focus (memory of suspect decreases, focus on gun)

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10
Q

How is memory storage affected when determining identification reliability?

A

Length of retention interval

  • memory fades over time
  • suggestibility (news reports, friend recount)
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11
Q

When testing memory storage in determining identification reliability, what are some differences in the lab vs. real world?

A

In the lab, retention usually around 15 minutes. In the real world, it’s 6 weeks on average (way longer than we are studying in the lab).

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12
Q

how long is too long with retention rates? Describe two studies:

A
  1. Sauer: ID accuracy 62% (immediate) vs 47% (about 3 weeks)

2. Read et al: Suspect IDs at 9 months?

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13
Q

Describe how offender variables is a determinant of identification reliability?

A

Changed appearance

  • natural change
  • ‘deliberate natural’
  • distinctiveness
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14
Q

How does changed appearance of the offender affect ID accuracy?

A

Charman and Wells looked at natural change over 4 years. Used student ID photos. Overall, a failure to identify the culprit increased. Correct identification decreased, and incorrect rejections (misses) were greatly increased.

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15
Q

In a study where only hair colour was changed in ID, what was found?

A

Rejections skyrocketed.

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16
Q

How does distinctiveness affect identification, as an offender variable?

A 
encoding:
-attention (grabs our attention)
-distinctive components
Retrieval: 
-reduced confusability
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17
Q

What are two factors we need to take into consideration when accounting for distinctive features in lineups?

A

Replication (photoshop tattoos etc) vs. concealment.

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18
Q

Which did a study find was better for a lineup, when accounting for distinctive features?

A

Replication will have a higher recognition.

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19
Q

What are some common witness assumptions before a lineup? (2)

A
  1. The police have a suspect

2. The police’s suspect is probably guilty (or some compelling evidence)

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20
Q

What is the problem with a witness’ assumption that the police suspect is probably guilty and in the lineup?

A

It creates compelling pressure for the witness to pick someone, they feel that is their role. The problem is that usually, no-one jumps out in a lineup. They may instead seek external cues (looking for cues)

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21
Q

What are some examples of environmental/experimenter cues in a police lineup?

A
  • body language, suggestion, etc
  • intentional or (more often) unintentional
  • perceiving cues that aren’t there
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22
Q

What are some recommended lineup administration techniques to reduce bias’ in lineups?

A
  1. double blind

2. unbiased instructions

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23
Q

What is involved in a double blind lineup?

A
  1. witness shouldn’t know who the suspect is

2. administrator should not know who the suspect is

24
Q

What are some problems with double blind method?

A
  1. might be difficult to find an officer who is not blind to the conditions
  2. hard to find someone on the street who can
  3. officer might not want to give over case to someone else, wants it to run well as invested
25
Q

What do unbiased instructions hope to reduce?

A

the pressure to pick

26
Q

What are some examples of potential instructional biases?

A
  • instructions that state/imply that culprit is present
  • emphasise importance of making positive ID
  • absence of ‘not present’ option “culprit may or may not be in the lineup”
27
Q

What is functional size referring to in a lineup?

A

The number of plausible candidates in the lineup.

28
Q

What was the case of lineup with black/white people?

A

Not enough plausible black people, so they used white people, painted them but left their hands white.

29
Q

What is match description?

A
  • description indicates EW memory for culprit
  • foils must match on described characteristics, but may vary on others
  • variation helps EW pick bad guys based on memory
30
Q

Researchers generally recommend the match description category over the match similarity - why?

A

Because if they are too similar, it might make it impossible for the memory task. Similarity approach is vague and undefined, better to be similar on distinct, remembered features.

31
Q

Supporting evidence for match description strategy?

A

Great theoretical support, limited empirical support.

32
Q

Match description depends on:

A

The quality of description you get from the eyewitness.

33
Q

What is a potential problem in match descriptions in the quality of descriptions provided?

A

EWs may not (probably won’t) report all they remember (items not cued, difficult to articulate, but may be cued in recognition etc).

34
Q

Is match description of match similarity prefered?

A

MD generally favoured, but a bit of both might be provided.

35
Q

What are some presentation methods in a lineup?

A
  1. the showup (pointing to one photo, was it this guy?)
  2. Simultaneous lineup
  3. sequential lineups
36
Q

What is the main problem with the showup lineup?

A

Demand characteristics: presume that the police have other evidence pointing to this guy.

37
Q

What is the main problem with simultaneous lineups?

A

Absolute vs. relative judgments

38
Q

What are absolute judgments?

A

Matching the faces against their memory

39
Q

What are relative judgements?

A

Out of all the people, which one is the best? Can be independent of absolute judgement)

40
Q

Evidence consistent with relative judgements show what?

A

Similar choosing rates when target present vs. absent. This shows that relative judgements play a substantial role.

41
Q

If people were relying on absolute judgements in EW identification, what would be expect to see?

A

Choosing rates should be way less than target absent.

42
Q

What is the idea behind sequential lineups?

A

Push people to make absolute judgements over relative, reduce reliance on relative judgements.

43
Q

What are the effects of sequential lineups?

A
  • lower choosing rates
  • correct IDs: same or lower
  • fewer false IDs in target absent lineups
  • advantage more pronounced if people don’t know how many people there are going to be
44
Q

When participants can see how many photos are left in a sequential lineup, you haven’t identified anyone and its getting to the end, what happens?

A

Demand characteristics: pressure to pick someone, so people more likely to.

45
Q

What is discrimination and bias in lineup presentation?

A
  1. How good are we at distinguishing our person from the lineup
  2. Do we favour picking someone? Reject someone? Do we do this more often than we should?
46
Q

What did one study find which compared simultaneous vs. sequential lineups, when it comes to discrimination? (study conducted using the signal detection theory)

A

There was no effect on discrimination (doesn’t mean they’ll be better).

47
Q

What did one study find which compared simultaneous vs. sequential lineups, when it comes to bias? (study conducted using the signal detection theory)

A

Sequential lineup led to more conservative responding (less trigger happy choosing)

48
Q

A more recent analysis using the signal detection theory, using ROC data, found what when comparing seq vs. simultaneous lineups, when it comes to discrimination vs. bias?

A

That simultaneous improves discrimination. This goes against the initial meta analysis.

49
Q

Sequential vs. simultaneous - which one is better?

A

We don’t know. The data shows different things.

50
Q

Does it matter if we use simultaneous or sequentially?

A

There are things that matter more (double blind). If this is the best we can do, we need to do better.

51
Q

What are two take aways for eyewitness identification?

A
  1. presentation method influences decision strategy and matching process
  2. Will interact with other factors (e.g., lineup fairness) to affect reliability of ID evidence
52
Q

Real data shows what with non biased instructions, and double blind administration to do with simultaneous or sequential?

A

That even in best practise, results were terrible:

  • Sim: 41% of all chosen were fillers
  • Seq: 30% of all IDs are fillers
53
Q

Psychologists can’t determine ID accuracy, but can talk sensibly about:

A

reliability

54
Q

EW memory and ID reliability will be shaped by interactions between what? (2)

A
  1. Conditions in which memory was formed

2. Conditions in which memory was tested

55
Q

Many believe that we should do what with future eyewitness identification?

A

Step outside the confines of the traditional lineup approach.

Forensic Psychology (11 decks)

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