Week 9A Flashcards
the basal ganglia along with other ganglia and nuclei are considered a ____ structure
sub-cortical
what is the function of the basal ganglia?
modulate voluntary movement by facilitating or inhibiting signals form the descending motor cortex
the basal ganglia is part of the ____ system
extrapyramidal
basal ganglia recieves input form the ___ and ___ and outputs to the ____
recives from the primary motor cortex and frontal cortex
output to - premotor area, supp motor area, primary motor cortex, frontal cortex (all via thalamus)
basal ganglia send info to waht 4 areas and via the ____
primary motor, SMA, pre moor, frontal - via the thalamus
Does the basal ganglia directly output to the spinal chord
NO
what are the 4 main nuclei within the basal ganglai ?
striatum
Globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra
each nucleus within the basal ganglia is ____ organized meaning..
somatotrpicallly - neurons grouped by specificity of movement (direciton, amplitude velocity)
what 3 neurotransmitters foud within the basal ganglia
GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid), glutamate, dopamine
GABA has an ____ action
inhibitory
glutamate and glutamatergic neurons have an ____ action
excitatory
dopamine has an ___ action
excitatory OR inhibtory depdnign on recpetor
D1 - excitatory - direct
D2 - inhibitory - indirect
D1 receptors are involved with the ____ pathway in the ____ and have an ___ action
direct pathway, in the basal ganglia, and have an excitatory action
D2 receptors are involved with the ____ pathway in the ____ and have an ___ action
indirect pathway in the basal ganglia and have an inhibitory action
What happens to the activity of the thalamic neuron when
the GABAergic neuron synapses onto it?
decreases - GABA is inhibitory
What happens to the activity of the thalamic neuron when
the GABAergic neuron is inhibited by GABAergic 2?
incrases thalmic activity
the direct pathway in the basal ganglia is vital for the ___ and ___ of voluntary movement while the indirect pathway is vital for ___
direct - initiation and facilitation of voluntary movement
indirect - work w direct, inhibit unwanted dmovement
what is the indirect pathway in the basal ganglia resposnibel for?
inhibting unwanted movement
Draw out the basal ganglia direct apthway figure.
what two nucleus does the motor cotex directly excite? Via what neurotransmitter?
striatum and subthalmic nucleus VIA glutamate (excitatory)
where is the D1 receptor located in the basal ganglia?
striatum
Which of the following nuclei within the Basal Ganglia can
act as an excitatory nucleus?
A) Striatum
B) Thalamus
C) Substantia Nigra
D) Globus Pallidus Internal
substantia nigra
Which of the following nuclei within the Basal Ganglia can
act as an inhibitory nucleus?
A) Striatum
B) Thalamus
C) Substantia Nigra
D) Globus Pallidus Internal
striatum, sub nigra, globus pallidus internal
what 2 nuclei can act as excitaroy nuclei?
subthalmic and substantia nigra
(glutamate + dopamine)
where is dopamien released in the direct pathway within the basal ganglia?
sub nigra
which nuceli onyl illcits an inhibtory resposne?
GPI (globus pallidus internal)
parkinsions is higher in females or males?
males
what is teh life expectacny assocate with parkinsions. is there a cure?
no cure - 10-20 yrs after diagnosis
what are the 4 main motor symptoms associated with parkinsons
resting tremor
rigidity (at jints)
bradykinesia ( slow movement)
parkonsianin gait
what is bradykinesia and what disease of the basal ganglia is ita asscoaited with
slowness of movement - associated with parkinsons
in parkinsions people cannot ____ movement properly
inititate
what are Lewy bodies
abnormal aggregates of protein that displace other cell compiennts and dirupt cell function
what are the proteins foudn within the basal ganglia that lead to death of neurons and disrupt cell function
Lewy bodys
where are lewy bodys located ? what neurons do they effect?
substantia nigra - dopaminergic neurons
parkinsons leads to reduced ___ release which affects the ____ apthway in ___ nad ___
reduced dopamine release - effect direct pathway in facilitation and initiation of movement - leading to Parkinsons symptoms
