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PSY224 Behavioural & Cognitive Neuroscience > Week 9: Vision & Audition > Flashcards

Week 9: Vision & Audition Flashcards

1
Q

What is sensation?

A

Matter in which our sense organs receive information from the environment

detection of a stimulus, comes in from the outside

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2
Q

What is perception?

A

manner by which people select, organise and interpret sensations

understanding a stimulus based on what we already know

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3
Q

What is transduction?

A

manner by which physical energy is converted into sensory neural impulses

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4
Q

What is the neocortex?

A

thin sheet of cells covering the brain organised into 6 stereotypical layers

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5
Q

What are the 6 layers of neocortex?

A

1-3 is cortico-cortical (interoffice mail)
4 - thalamo-cortical (inbox)
5- cortico-fugal
6- cortico-thalamic -which are both the outbox

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6
Q

What lobe is responsible for vision?

A

occipital

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7
Q

what lobe is responsible for audition?

A

temporal

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8
Q

Why is the thalamus a major sensory region of cerebral cortex?

A

responsible for relaying all sensory information apart from smell

it is the gatway to the cortex

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9
Q

what is the primary pathway for vision?

A

retina - optic nerve - optic chiasm - thalamus - occipital lobe

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10
Q

what is the primary pathway for audition?

A

auditory nerve - cochlear nuclei - superior olivary nuclei - inferior colliculus - medial geniculate - auditory cortex

  • geniculate is the same as thalamus
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11
Q

what are soundwaves?

A

hearing occurs via sound waves which results from the rapid changes in air pressure caused by vibrating objects

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12
Q

what is pitch?

A

frequency of vibration measured in hertz

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13
Q

what is loudness?

A

function of sound wave intensity; amplitude

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14
Q

what is timbre?

A

provides information about nature or complexity of the sound

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15
Q

where are the primary auditory receptors located?

A

cochlear (similar to the retina)

tiny hair cells convert sound energy to neural impulses and send them along to primary auditory cortex

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16
Q

what does the central auditory system consist of?

A

cochlea, superior olives, colliculi, thalamus and primary auditory cortex

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17
Q

What is the pinna?

A

external ear

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18
Q

what is the Tympanic membrane (TM)?

A

eardrum

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19
Q

What is the middle ear?

A

hollow region that contains ossicles between TM and cochlear

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20
Q

what are the ossicles?

A

middle ear bones which consist of:

  • malleus
  • incus
  • stapes

*sound waves make these bones move around

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21
Q

what is the cochlea?

A

snail-shaped structure of the inner ear which contains the Organ of Corti

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22
Q

what is the organ of corti?

A

sensory organ for the auditory system contained within cochlea

Basilar membrane, hair cells and tectorial membrane are contained within organ

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23
Q

what is the oval window?

A

opening door of cochlea where stapes is located

24
Q

what is the round window?

A

opening in the cochlea

25
Q

what is the tectorial membrane?

A

rests on the hair cells

26
Q

what is the basilar membrane?

A

has base and apex
natural sounds excite cells across membrane
low frequency sounds excite cells near apex
high frequency sounds excite cells near base

27
Q

how is an action potential triggered in the auditory nerve?

A

stimulation of the hair cells trigger AP

minimum movement needed is 1-100 picometres to generate sound

28
Q

What is anterior pathway (PFC) more involved in?

A

identifying sounds - the what

29
Q

what is the posterior pathway (PPC) more involved in?

A

locating sounds - the where

30
Q

what is smell?

A

perception of odorant

does not pass through thalamus

31
Q

what is an odorant?

A

molecules that give off smell

bind to receptors in olfactory cilia

32
Q

what is the golmeruli?

A

clusters of convergent olfactory sensory neurons

33
Q

where are the receptors for taste located?

A

in the tongue and oral cavity, in clusters called taste buds

34
Q

what are the 4 primary tastes?

A

sweet, salty, sour and bitter

*5th is savory

35
Q

which 2 tastes do not have receptors?

A

salty and sour

they merely act on ion channels

36
Q

what is the gustation pathway?

A

solitary tract - thalamus - cortex

37
Q

what are the 3 separate interacting systems of touch?

A

Exteroceptive - external stimuli
Proprioceptive - body position
Interoceptive - internal body conditions

38
Q

What are the 5 touch receptors?

A 
Merke disks - regular touch
Meissner's Corpuscles - light touch
Pacinian Corpuscles - deep pressure
Ruffini Corpuscles - temperature
Nociceptors - pain
39
Q

what are the 2 major touch pathways?

A

Dorsal colum medial leniscus system - mainly touch and proprioception

Anterolateral system - mainly pain and temperature

40
Q

what is hue?

A

wavelength

41
Q

what is brightness?

A

intensity

42
Q

what is saturation?

A

purity

43
Q

what are the receptors in the visual system?

A

rods and cones

located at the back of the eyeball

44
Q

what are cones?

A

For phototopic or daytime vision and are the only receptors found in the fovea
Used for high acuity colour info in good lighting

45
Q

what are rods?

A

For scotopic or night time vision
Have high sensitivity, low acuity vision in dim light
lacks detail and colour info

46
Q

how does visual processing occur in occipital lobe?

A

retina - lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus - extra striate cortex

47
Q

what is the MT in charge of?

A

motion

if damaged, you can not see motion anymore but can see when still

48
Q

Which structure provides representation of multi-sensory space?

A

superior colliculus

49
Q

what are the 2 types of deafness

A

Conductive - damage to ossicles

Nerve - damage to cochlea

50
Q

what is anosmia?

A

inability to smell

51
Q

what is ageusia?

A

inability to taste

52
Q

what is asterognosia?

A

inability to recognise objects by touch

53
Q

what is asomatognosia?

A

failure to recognise parts of ones own body

54
Q

what is achromatopsia?

A

loss of colour vision

55
Q

what is akinetopsia?

A

selective loss of motion perception

56
Q

what is neglect syndrome?

A

involuntary failure to attend to sensory stimuli presented in the side of space opposite to the site of brain injury

57
Q

What is scotomas?

A

discrete regions of blindness

PSY224 Behavioural & Cognitive Neuroscience (12 decks)

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