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PSY224 Behavioural & Cognitive Neuroscience > Week 2: Neural Transmission and Intro to Psychopharmacology > Flashcards

Week 2: Neural Transmission and Intro to Psychopharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is multiple sclerosis caused by?

A

Degradation of myelin sheaths

Extra: on average more than 10 Australians are diagnosed with MS every week

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2
Q

What are some of the symptoms of multiple sclerosis?

A

Vision: double, blurred, partial loss
NS: tremor, weakness, fatigue, heat sensitivity
Feelings: depression, personality changes, inappropriate laughing or crying

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3
Q

What do nerve cells do?

A

Generate electrical signals to transmit info

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4
Q

How are neurons with the conduction of electricity?

A

They are not intrinsically good but have evolved to create mechanisms to generate signals based on the flow of ions across the plasma membranes

It allows currents to pass electrical charges to go through in the forms of ion

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5
Q

What does the action potential do?

A

Transiently abolishes the negative resting potential and makes the transmembrane potential positive

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6
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

It regulates the concentration of salts and other chemicals on either side. The Head is HYDROPHILIC (likes water and is a polar region) and the tail is HYDROPHOBIC (hates water, has no polar regions)

The phosphate group will bind to water, fatty acid tails heads have no binding sites for water

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7
Q

What are the 3 factors that influence the movement of ions in and out of cells?

A

Concentration gradient
Voltage gradient
Structure (permeability of the membrane)

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8
Q

What is the concentration gradient?

A

Describes the relative difference in the concentration of a substance at different locations in pace when the substance is not evenly dispersed

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9
Q

What is the voltage gradient ?

A

A measure of relative concentrations of electrical charge. Ions will move down a voltage gradient from an area of high charge to an area of lower charge.

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10
Q

What is a selectively permeable membrane?

A

Some molecules, but not all molecules will be allowed through the membrane

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11
Q

What are to 2 positively charged particles which interact to produce the resting potential?

A

Sodium ions (Na+) Potassium ions (K+)

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12
Q

What are to 2 negatively charged particles which interact to produce the resting potential?

A

Chloride ions (Cl-) Large protein anions (A-)

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13
Q

What is a ligand gated channel?

A

They bind Neurotransmitters which opens the channel allowing ions to move across

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14
Q

What is a mechanically gated channels?

A

Open when there is a force that activates it.

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15
Q

What is a voltage gated channel?

A

When the voltage changes, the channel opens up allowing movement.

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16
Q

What is a leakage channel?

A

Is a channel that randomly opens allowing a certain degree of leakage across the membrane.

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17
Q

What is the Sodium Potassium Pump?

A

The process of moving Na and K ions across the cells membrane is an active transport process against the concentration gradient. It involves hydrolysis of ATP to provide the necessary energy

18
Q

What can the equilibrium potential can be predicted by?

A

Nernst equation

19
Q

What is the Nernst Equation?

A

where Ex is the EP for any ion X, R is the gas constant, T is the absolute temperature (Kelvin scale), z is the valence (electrical charge) of the ion, F is the Faraday constant (electrical charge contained in one mole of univalent ion)

20
Q

What is the post-synaptic potential?

A

Graded potential in the dendrites of a neuron that receives synapses from other cells

21
Q

What is excitatory postsynaptic potential?

A

is depolarising (+) because it causes the membrane potential to move toward threshold

Driven in positive direction

22
Q

What is a inhibitory postsynaptic potential?

A

is hyperpolarising (-) because it causes the membrane potential to move away from threshold.

Driven in a negative direction

23
Q

What happens during an Action Potential?

A

Is a brief (approx. 1ms) change from negative to positive in trans-membrane potential.
Is said to be all-or-none as it occurs fully or not at all
The changes in voltage that produce an AP are caused by a brief, large influx of sodium ions and efflux of potassium ions

24
Q

What is the movement of an action potential along an axon called?

A

Nerve impulse

25
Q

Where to action potentials regenerate in myelinated axons?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

26
Q

What is stage 1 of neurotransmission?

A

The release of NT from a terminal button (end of axon)

Before the AP has arrived, NT’s are stored in vesicles within the terminal button.

27
Q

What is stage 3 of neurotransmission?

A

The release of NTs from a terminal button

NTs diffuse across the synaptic cleft. Some will attach to receptor molecules in postsynaptic membrane and activate then, thus either inhibiting or enabling the postsynaptic neuron to generate AP

28
Q

What are the 4 properties required for a substance to be considered a neurotransmitter?

A

1- be synthesised and stored in presynaptic neuron
2- be released into the synapse when the neuron fires
3- cause a post-synaptic effect after it interacts with a receptor
4- there must be some mechanism for degradation or reuptake.

29
Q

How many steps are there in Neurotransmitter action?

A

7

30
Q

What are the 2 major types of post-synaptic receptor activation?

A

Ionotropic & metabotropic

31
Q

What is ionotropic PSRA?

A

direct activation brings about immediate response through a NT binding to ionotropic receptor allowing a channel to open.
Acts as a lock and key model

32
Q

What is a metabotropic PSRA?

A

Indirect activation involves a prolonged response, amplified over time.

33
Q

What are second messenger?

A

Intracellular signalling molecules released by the cell in response to exposure to extracellular signalling molecules

34
Q

What are agnostic drug effects?

A

Promotes the synthesis of neurotransmitter molecule

35
Q

What are antagonistic drug effects?

A

Blocks the synthesis and reduces the function of neural transmission

36
Q

What are amino acid transmitters?

A

provide majority of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in the nervous system, including glutamate and GABA

37
Q

Name the major excitatory NT and inhibitory NT.

A 
Excitatory = glutamate
Inhibitory = GABA
38
Q

Describe Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Was the first NT ever discovered
Controls HR and has an important role in motor movement
Toxins interfere with ACh transmission and can produce paralysis
Also has a role in memory as Alzheimer’s disease involves a degeneration of ACh neurons in the basal forebrain

39
Q

What are the 5 Biogenic Amines (also called monoamines)?

A 
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Dopamine
-Above are Catecholamines-
Histamine
Serotonin
40
Q

Describe Norepinephrine (NE).

A

It is distributed throughout both CNS & PNS
The neurons originate in the pons and form an excitatory pathway to the cortex known as the reticular activating system (RAS)
Primarily responsible for maintaining cortical arousal
Involved in controlling attention, emotion and eating
Deficiencies are linked to depression and to attention deficit disorders

41
Q

Describe Dopamine (DA)

A

Located in two main forebrain pathways which originate in the brain stem
Deficiencies in dopamine can lead to Parkinson’s disease due to the primary function of structure of the substantia nigra involves voluntary movement
Also involved in reward and motivation in the ventral tegmental area.

42
Q

Describe Serotonin (SE)

A

is distributed through the brain and spinal cord and is involved in the control of the sleep/wake cycle, mood, impulsive behaviour and appetite

PSY224 Behavioural & Cognitive Neuroscience (12 decks)

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