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MEDICAL BIO > WEEK 9 - types of memory > Flashcards

WEEK 9 - types of memory Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

types of memory
main split

A

procedural and declarative

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2
Q

types of memory
Procedural

A

aka implicit
e.g. riding a bike

NON-ASSOCIATIVE
- habituation: learning to ignore a stimulus
- sensitisation: overreacting to a stimulus

ASSOCIATIVE
- classical
- operant conditoning

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3
Q

types of memory
declarative

A

aka explicit - NMDAR

EPISODIC AND SEMANTIC

–> SHORT TERM MEMORY

consolidation (BDNF, CREB, protein synthesis)
TO LONG TERM MEMORY (hippocampus

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4
Q

long term memory requires

A

protein synthesis and the formation of new synapses

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5
Q

does STM require protein synthesis

A

no

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6
Q

non associative learning

A

habituation: reduction in response to a stimulus that is delivered repeatedly

sensitisation: enhancement of a response produced by the presentation of a strong stimulus
- can be short term or long term

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7
Q

non associative learning
sea slug

A

What they did:
First touch the siphon it retracts
Keep touching realises its harmless and no longer retracts

If touch and give electric shock
Next time touches will have a jumping reaction

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8
Q

associative learning:
classical conditioning

A

Pavlov’s dog

conditioned stimulus: bell
no response

unconditioned stimulus: food
unconditioned response: salivation when seeing food

conditioned response: salivation when hearing bell

Dog forms association between bell and meat
Ringing bell dog salivates as is expecting meat

ALSO aphlysia and gill withdrawal reflex with electric shock

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9
Q

classical conditioning: mechanisms
aphlysia and gill withdrawal

A

touch depolarised sensory neuron
electric shock to tail depolarises motorneuron
serotonin is released as a result of train of shocks to body wall
- serotonin binds receptor activating DAG and cAMP (PKA, PKC, MAPK)

combination of Glu and depolarisation activated NMDAR

increased:
- synaptic growth
- Ca2+, PKA, neurotransmitter release
- AMPAR

Double input from touch (serotonin) and and shock (depolarisation) (bell and meat)
- Two events for calcium release

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10
Q

classical conditioning: mechanisms
four consequences of the actions of neurotransmitters

A
  1. activation of ion channels:
    activation potential, lasts milliseconds
  2. activation of G-protein coupled receptor and second messenger, lasts minutes
  3. persistent transmitter activation of G-protein coupled receptor: Kinase translocates to nucleus, gene expression and persistent synaptic action
  4. transmitter activation of local protein synthesis stabilises synapse
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11
Q

learning and memory requires the…

A

hippocampus

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12
Q

memories are formed in the…

A

hippocampus

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13
Q

memories are stored in the…

A

cortex

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14
Q

the hippocampus has cells dedicated to form a…

A

map of space called place cells and grid cells

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15
Q

episodic memories are formed from…

A

associations between events and place
as neurons in the map of space are activated

this is how we remember our lives

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16
Q

Long term potentiation in the hippocampus

A

learning and memory result from:

  • changes in the strength of the synaptic connections between precisely interconnected cells
  • protein synthesis driving the formation of new synapses
17
Q

memory stored as..

A

strengths of synaptic connections in a circuit

Firing not always equal
Synapses of different strength
(question: can the intensity of synapses change or does it mean the frequency of firing, or just different synapses have different intensity)

18
Q

Hebbian learning:
learning occurs by..

A

changes in the strength of synapses

19
Q

Hebbian learning:
Hebb’s rule

A

synapses between two neurons are strengthened when the neurons are activated at the same time

20
Q

Hebbian learning:
Hebb’s rule in action

A

synapses that obey Hebb’s rule are Hebbian
they mediate associative learning since they act as coincidence detectors that associate firing of the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic cell

‘neurons that fire together, wire together’

21
Q

Hebbian learning:
mechanisms increasing synaptic strengthening

A

long term potentiation (LTP)

22
Q

Hebbian learning:
mechanisms decreasing synaptic strengthening

A

long term depression (LTD)

23
Q

long term potentiation (LTP)

A

increase in intracellular calcium levels through NMDAR activation

CaMKII is activated by calcium and phosphorylates AMPAR enhancing their response to glutamate

mGluR only at first tetanic stimulation

24
Q

long term potentiation (LTP)
activation of silent synapses:

A

acquire AMPAR and become responsive to low frequency input

25
Q

long term potentiation (LTP)
retrograde messengers

A

from post-synaptic cells enhance Glu release

26
Q

long term potentiation (LTP)
Late-LTP (>90mins)

A

increase in cAMP and activation of PKA

persistent activation of CaM Kinase II

MAP Kinase

phosphorylation of CREB and protein synthesis

elimination and formation of new synapses

27
Q

memory systems:

A

all connected
see slide

motor memory

emotional memory

declarative memory

28
Q

SUMMARY:

3 types of Glutamate receptors

A
  1. ionotropic Ca2+/Na+ channels
    - restart action potential
  2. NMDAR
    - coincident detector
    - Ca2+ channel opens with Glu and depolarisation
  3. mGluR
    - activate cAMP and IP3 pathways
    - longer and slower time scales
29
Q

SUMMARY:
the molecular basis of LTP, learning and memory:

A

activation of NMDAR: coincident detector
increase in Ca2+ activates CaMKII
increase in cAMP activates PKA
together PKA nd CaMKII:
- modulate channels leading to sustained neuronal firing: LTP
- activate CREB in nucleus leading to gene expression
- formation of new synapses

30
Q

SUMMARY:
learning and memory:
non-associative

A

sensitisation and habituation

31
Q

SUMMARY:
learning and memory:
associative

A

classical conditioning

32
Q

SUMMARY:
learning and memory:
where in brain

A

hippocampus

33
Q

SUMMARY:
learning and memory:
memory systems

A

emotion

34
Q

SUMMARY:
learning and memory:
types of memory

A

procedural

emotional

declarative

MEDICAL BIO (12 decks)

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