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MEDICAL BIO > WEEK 2 - overview of white blood cells > Flashcards

WEEK 2 - overview of white blood cells Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how to study WBC

A

blood / bone marrow smears

two push-type peripheral blood smears suitable or characterisation of cellular blood elements

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2
Q

what does leucocyte mean?

A

white cell

phrase leucocyte and lymphocyte are not interchangeable

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3
Q

blood smear

A

humans contain about 5 litres of blood
accounts for 7% of body weight
red cells constitute 45% of blood volume
white blood cells around 1%

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4
Q

are leucocytes more prominent in blood or bone marrow

A

very prominent in bone marrow

(more rare in the blood)

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5
Q

bone marrow
trephine biopsy

A

Fine needle (apple core) of bone marrow (long thin bit of tissue)
- Keeps its structure

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6
Q

what do you see in a bone marrow sample

A

shows normal architecture and cellularity
- haemopoietic cells
- fat spaces

Large amounts of fat deposit in bone marrow
- Fat soluble vitamins
- To support the production of cells

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7
Q

normal bone marrow smear

A

cannot see structure (the fat)

shows haemopoietic cells at different stages of maturation

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8
Q

myeloid progenitor cells from bone marrow

A

bone marrow –> hematopoietic stem cells –> myeloid progenitor cells

from myeloid cells
- erythrocytes
- monocyte
- neutrophil
- basophil
- eosinophil
- platlets

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9
Q

lymphoid progenitor cells from bone marrow

A

bone marrow –> hematopoietic –> lymphoid progenitor cell

fom lymphoid cell
- t-cell
- b-cell

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10
Q

how does the system (of WBCs) maintain themselves
- how does the cell make large numbers of differentiated cells

A

stem cells and committed cells are rare so need to proliferate
- bulk numbers

cell renewal
- stem cells are also able to generate new stem cells

committed transit amplifying cell (proliferation)

precursor cells
- terminally differentiated cells

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11
Q

stem cell definition

A

a population of cells able

  1. to sustain themselves by a process of self-renewal
  2. to generate progeny that sustain both the mass and functional competence of the tissue
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12
Q

differentiation system
regulation?

A

incredibly complex regulation

as cells pass through system become increasingly restrictive (less able to make other cells)

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13
Q

human b cell differentiation

A

[bone marrow]
large pre b cell –> small pre b cell –> immature b cell

[spleen or lymph node]
–> mature b cell

[marginal zone]
–> marginal zone b cell

[germinal centre (secondary follicle)]
–> germinal centre B cell
———> memory B cell
———-> plasma cell

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14
Q

spleen colony assay

A

how we knew self renewal was the case

1961-1964
establishment of assay for cells able to repopulate irradiated host

spleen from mice (big white patches on spleen are clones of cells

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15
Q

spleen colony assay
method

A

radiated mice at various radiations

syngeneic bone marrow cells transplanted

remove the spleen and examine

the mice no longer die if injected

No. of colonies on spleen related to how much bone marrow was put in
- More bone marrow, more colonies

Whatever this cell is that does this is capable of making multiple different cells
Again and again
This is a stem cell (first idea that a cell can 1) self renew 2) proliferate like mad 3) differentiate

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16
Q

spleen colony assay
spleen colonies contain renewing cells

A

This led directly to the current routine stem cell transplant therapy

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17
Q

spleen colony assay
bone marrrow restores…

A

haemopoiesis in irradiated mice

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18
Q

spleen colony assay
all cell lineages…

A

recover

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19
Q

spleen colony assay
chromosome marking shows…

A

that spleeen cell colonies derive from a single cell that became know as the colony forming unit-spleen (CFU-s)

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20
Q

spleen colony assay
CFU-s are…

A

rare
~1 per 10^4% bone marrow leucocytes

21
Q

spleen colony assay
cells from a single colony can…

A

restore all lineages in a secondary recipient showing that CFU-s are capable of self renewal

21
Q

spleen colony assay
mixed colonies demonstrate…

A

that CFU-s are multipotent

22
Q

how does the system maintain itself
granulocyte/erythrocyte/megakaryocyte/monocyte - colony forming units

A

Culture in vitro
Jelly like tissue culture medium
When cells grows within it, it restricts the cells from spreading so make colonies in place

myelo-erythroid progenitor

23
Q

how does the system maintain itself
burst forming unit - erythroid

A

bust forming unit - erythroid

More restricted but Can make multiple cell types

24
Q

how does the system maintain itself?
colony forming unit - erthroid

A

final precursor
that can only give one cell type

25
Q

morphology relates to…

A

function

26
Q

red blood cells

A

transport O2 and CO2
typical conc. 5 x 10^12 cells/litre
half life measured in days

27
Q

red blood cells
development

A

bone marrow:
early normoblast –> late normoblast –> nucleated red cell –> reticulocyte –>

blood:
–> red cells

28
Q

neutrophils

A

phagocytose and destory invading bacteria
typical concentration around 5 x 10^9 cells/litre
half life measured in hours-days

29
Q

neutrophil
development

A

bone marrow:
myeloblast –> promyelocyte –> myelocyte –> metamyelocyte –>

blood:
–> unsegmented neutrophil (band form) –> neutrophil

30
Q

neutrophil nets

A

neutrophil extra cellular traps or NETs

extra cellular meshes composed of chromatin and neutrophil proteins

NETs are released upon cellular activation

they entrap bacteria while simulataneously providing a scaffold to promote high local concentrations of anti-microbial components

thus killing microbes extracellularly

31
Q

eosinophils

A

destroy larger parasites

modulate allergic inflammation

typical concentration around 2 x 10^8 cells/Litre

32
Q

basophils

A

release histamine in certain immune reactions

typical concentration around 4 x 10^7 cells/Litre

33
Q

monocytes

A

become tissue macrophages

phagocytose microorganisms and damaged or senescent cells

typical concentration around 4 x 10^8 cells/Litre

34
Q

which WBCs are part of non specific immunity

A

neurotphil
monocyte
eosinophil
basophil

35
Q

which WBCs are part of specific immunity

A

lymphocyte

36
Q

Lymphocytes
T-lymphocytes

A

t cells kill virus-infected cells
regulate activities of other leukocytes

37
Q

lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes

A

B cells make antibodies (immunoglobulins)
–> plasma cells in bone marrow

38
Q

lymphocytes
Natural killer cells

A

NK cells

kill virus infected cells and some tumour cells
innate cells
they serve to contain viral infections while the adaptive immune response is generated

39
Q

immunofluorescence
what

A

a light microscopy-based technique that allows the detection and localization of a wide variety of target biomolecules within a cell or tissue at a quantitative level.

utilizes the binding specificity of antibodies and antigens.

40
Q

immunofluorescence
method

A

incubate with fluorescent tagged antibody

wash

analyse by microscopy or flow cytometry

41
Q

flow cytometry
what

A

a lab test that uses lasers to analyze the physical and chemical properties of cells and particles in a fluid

fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS)

42
Q

flow cytometry
how does it work

A

Cells are labeled with fluorescent dyes, which emit light when exposed to a specific laser. The light signals are converted to electronic signals and analyzed by a computer

43
Q

overview
leucocytes are generated from…

A

a common stem cell resident in the bone marrow

44
Q

overview
production of vast numbers of cells are generated…

A

each day throughout life

45
Q

overview
production of vast no. of cells brought about by…

A

integrated processes of cell proliferation, differentiation, maturation and apoptosis

46
Q

overview
leucocytes perform..

A

various roles in host defence

47
Q

overview
what has made the blood system particularly easy to follow

A

the advent of flow cytometry, monoclonal antibodies and FACs

48
Q
A

MEDICAL BIO (12 decks)

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