from practice EMQs Flashcards
blood proteins
Which forms the meshwork of a blood clot?
Fibrin
Soluble fibrinogen is converted into insoluble
fibrin during blood clotting
Clotting removes the clotting proteins, leaving
behind a fluid called serum
blood proteins
Which binds and transports iron in the blood
Transferrin
Transferrin naturally crosses the blood-brain barrier
to transport iron
Globulins – transport globulins
* Bind small ions, hormones and compounds that
might otherwise be removed by kidneys or have
low solubility in water
Transferrin
* Examples:
- Hormone-binding
proteins
- Metalloproteins
(e.g. transferrin)
- Apolipoproteins
- Steroid-binding
proteins
blood proteins
Which provides long-term immunity?
IgG
blood proteins
Which proteins play a role in platelet aggregation?
Fibrinogen & Von Willebrand factor.
fibrinogen (platelet to collagen)
vWF (platelet to platelet)
blood proteins
An 18-month-old child is taken to the doctor because they are suffering
from multiple bruises. Deficiencies in which proteins are most likely to
be responsible for their symptoms?
Factor VIII, Factor IX, Von Willebrand factor
The most common coagulation disorders
* Haemophilia A – factor VIII deficiency
* Haemophilia B – factor IX deficiency
* von Willebrand disease – vWF deficiency
blood proteins
A patient admitted to hospital with pain and swelling in his left leg is
diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis and treated with a drug. What
proteins is the drug likely to be targeting?
Factor IX, Factor X, Thrombin.
immune cells
Which is the first responder to bacterial infection?
Neutrophil
immune cells
Which is involved in the direct killing of virus-infected cells without prior
sensitization?
- Natural killer cell.
immune cells
Which are specialised in attacking multicellular parasites?
- Eosinophil.
Non-specific (or innate) defence
* 2-4% of circulating white blood cells
* Attracted to sites of injury
* Attack objects coated with
antibodies
* Attack by exocytosis of toxic
compounds, so specialised in
attacking multicellular parasites
* Lifespan similar to neutrophil (hours
to minutes)
immune cells
Which are the most important for antigen presentation?
dendritic cell & Macrophage
immune cells
Which kill cancer cells by releasing perforin and granzymes?
- CAR-T cells, Cytotoxic T cells, Natural killer cells.
immune cells
which are part of the adaptive immune response
- B cell, Cytotoxic T cell, Helper T cell, Plasma cell
neurobiology
Which protein is a transcription factor that regulates gene expression in response to cellular signals?
cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)
CREB is a transcription factor activated by phosphorylation in response to cellular signals, such as increased intracellular calcium or cAMP levels. It binds to specific DNA sequences called cAMP response elements (CREs) to regulate the transcription of genes involved in cell survival, plasticity, and long-term memory formation.
neurobiology
Which protein is involved in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and memory formation?
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)
CaMKII is activated by calcium-calmodulin binding and plays a critical role in synaptic plasticity, including long-term potentiation (LTP), which underpins learning and memory. It phosphorylates various synaptic proteins, enhancing synaptic strength and enabling memory storage.
neurobiology
Which protein is involved in the regulation of mRNA translation at synapses?
F. Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP)
Reasoning:
FMRP binds to mRNAs and regulates their translation at synapses. It plays a role in synaptic plasticity by controlling the production of proteins required for synaptic remodeling. Mutations in the FMR1 gene that codes for FMRP are associated with Fragile X syndrome, a genetic disorder linked to intellectual disability.
neurobiology
Which protein binds Ca2+ and regulates various cellular functions by interacting with other proteins?
Calmodulin
Reasoning:
Calmodulin is a calcium-binding messenger protein that undergoes conformational changes upon binding calcium. It interacts with a variety of target proteins, such as CaMKII, to regulate numerous cellular processes, including signal transduction, muscle contraction, and memory formation.
neurobiology
Which proteins are directly associated with synaptic plasticity and memory formation?
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)
cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)
Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP)
Reasoning:
CaMKII: Essential for LTP and memory storage.
CREB: Activates genes critical for long-term changes in synaptic strength.
FMRP: Regulates synaptic protein synthesis, affecting plasticity.
neurobiology
Which proteins play a role in neurotransmitter release at the synapse?
Synaptobrevin
Synaptotagmin
Voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC)
Reasoning:
Synaptobrevin: Part of the SNARE complex, which mediates vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release.
Synaptotagmin: Acts as a calcium sensor, triggering vesicle exocytosis upon calcium influx.
VGCC: Allows calcium influx into the presynaptic terminal, initiating vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release.
neurobiology
Which proteins are associated with genetic disorders affecting cognitive function?
Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP)
cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)
Reasoning:
FMRP: Mutations in FMR1 cause Fragile X syndrome, the most common inherited form of intellectual disability.
CREB: Defects in CREB signaling are linked to cognitive impairments, as CREB regulates genes required for synaptic plasticity and memory.
neurobiology
Which proteins are involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease?
Aβ-amyloid
Prion protein
Reasoning:
Aβ-amyloid: Aggregates to form plaques, a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease pathology, leading to synaptic dysfunction and neuronal death.
Prion protein: May interact with toxic Aβ oligomers, exacerbating synaptic damage. While primarily associated with prion diseases, prion-like mechanisms have been implicated in Alzheimer’s.
