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MEDICAL BIO > WEEK 1 - the constituents of blood > Flashcards

WEEK 1 - the constituents of blood Flashcards

1
Q

functions of blood

A

specialed fluid connective tissue

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2
Q

whole blood =

A

plasma (55%)

+

formed elements (blood cells) (45%)

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3
Q

adult human blood volume

A

4-6 litres

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4
Q

haematocrit

A

packed cell volume

46 in males

42 in females

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5
Q

composition of blood
- plasma

A

55%

7% proteins
- albumins 58% - osmotic pressure
-globulins 38% - antibodies
- fibrinogen 4% - clotting
- enzymes, hormones, prohormones 1%
91% water
2% other solutes
- ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, regulatory substances, electrolytes

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6
Q

composition of blood
- formed elements

A

platelets (250-400 thousand)

white blood cells (5-9 thousand)
- neutophils 60-70%
- lymphocytes 20-25%
- monocytes 3-8%
- eosinophils 2-4%
- basophils 0.5-1%

red blood cells (4.2-6.2 million)

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7
Q

collecting blood for analysis
how?

A

by venipuncture from a superficial vein (median cubital vein or anterior surface of elbow)
- easy to locate
- vein waller thinner than arteries
- blood pressure relatively low so wound seals quickly

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8
Q

collecting blood for analysis
for?

A

blood smears
testing glucose, cholesterol, haemoglobin

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9
Q

collecting blood for analysis
if veins difficult to access?

A

small amounts of blood taken by puncture of a finger, ear lobe, or infant big toe or heel

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10
Q

collecting blood for analysis
arterial puncture

A

used to check efficiency of gas exchange at lungs (radial artery in wrist or brachial artery at elbow)

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11
Q

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

A

transporting dissolves gases, nutrients, hormones, metabolic wastes

regulating pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids
- by diffusion
- to absorb acids produced by active tissues

restricting blood loss at sites of injury
- platelets and clotting factors

defence against toxins and pathogens using white blood cells and antibodies

stabilising body temp
- heat redistribution
- heat loss
- warm blood to sensitive organs

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12
Q

plasma
albumins

A

major plasma proteins
major contributors to plasma osmolarity
- Sucking water into blood from intertestinal fluids
- Maintains blood pressure

molecular taxis
- transport hydrophobic molecules including fatty acids, thyroid hormones and steroid hormones

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13
Q

plasma
globulins - antibodies

A

aid in body defence

antigen binding regions
light and heavy chain

bivalent binding molecule
binds to one arm

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14
Q

plasma
globulins (transport)

A

have pockets that allow to bind small ions, hormones and compounds that might otherwise be removed by kidneys or have low solubility in water

e.g.
hormone binding proteins
metalloproteins (e.g. transferrin)
- apoliporteins
-steroid-binding proteins

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15
Q

plasma
fibrinogen

A

4% of protein in blood

Complicated structure
- Made up of 6 chains
○ 2 gamma - alpha helix and beta sheet
○ 2 beta - alpha helix and beta sheet
○ Alpha - all alpha helical

Gels blood
- Stopping blood close

soluble fibrinogen is converted into insoluble fibrin during blood clotting

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16
Q

plasma
fibrin generation

A

clotting removes the clotting proteins leaving behind a fluid called serum

fibrinopeptides clipped off by enzyme thrombin leaving a sticky site for binding (polymerisation)

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17
Q

plasma
other proteins

A

peptide hormones
- insulin and prolactin

glycoproteins
- thyroid stimulating hormone, follicle stimulating hormone and leutinizing hormone

plasma concentrations can rise and fall from hour to hour

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18
Q

plasma expanders

A

increase blood volume temporarilt (following blood loss after injury)
e..g while they work out blood type

typically contain large carbohydrate molecules to maintain proper osmotic concentration

19
Q

red blood cells

A

make up 1/3 of all cells in human body

99.9% haematocrit

give blood its red colour (haemoglobin)

ratio
1000 red blood cells :
100 platlets :
1 wbc

20
Q

red blood cell structure

A

biconcave disc

large surface area to volume ratio

form stacks threw narrow blood vessels

bend and flex when entering small capillaries

21
Q

red blood cell composition

A

lose most organelles during differentiation

retain only the cytoskeleton

no cell division or protein synthesis

lifespan less than 120 days

obtain energy by anaerobic metabolism of glucose absorbed from the plasma (dont want to use up oxygen its carrying)

haemoglobin >95% of intracellular protein (280 million molecules per cell)r

22
Q

red blood cell primary function

A

transport of respiratory gases
- oxygen
- carbon dioxide.

4 oxygens can be carried by each haemoglobin molecules

Oxygen unloaded in tissues and replaced with carbon dioxide (to be transported out of the body)

23
Q

red blood cell
abnormal haemoglobin

A

can cause thalassemisa and sickle cell anaemia

24
Q

rbc formation and turnover

A

stem cell (hemocytoblast)
–> committed cell (proeythroblast)
phase 1: ribosome synthesis
–> early erythroblast
phase 2: hemoglobin accumulation
–> late erythroblast
–> nomoblast
phase 3: ejection of nucleus
—> reticulocyte
–> erythrocyte

Through the action of the growth factor Erythropoietin (EPO), the stem cell (hemocytoblast) commits onto red cell pathway
- In bone marrow

differentiation takes 6-8 days
damaged cells phagocytosed by macrophages of the spleen, liver and red bone marrow

25
blood types
based on antigen-antibody responses blood type determination by the presence or absence of integral membrane glycoproteins or glycolipids on red blood cell surface at least 50 types that are genetically determined ABO and Rhesus (Rh) (or type D) are the most important
26
ABO blood types group A
group A - red blood cell: type A - antibodies in plasma: anti-B antigens in red blood cell: A antigen
27
ABO blood types group B
group B - red blood cell: type B - antibodies in plasma: anti-A antigens in red blood cell: B antigen
28
ABO blood types Group AB
- red blood cell: type AB - antibodies in plasma: none antigens in red blood cell: A and B antigen
29
ABO blood types Group O
- red blood cell: type O - antibodies in plasma: anti A and anti B antigens in red blood cell: none
30
ABO blood types mixing
if mix blood type antibodies attack each other so O is the universal donor because has both
31
Rhesus blood types
Rh(+) Rh(-) unlike ABO types, Rh- individual does not contain anti-Rh antibodies antibodies only present if individual is sensitized by previous exposure to Rh+ blood (e.g. haemolytic disease of newborn)
32
cross reactions in transfusions
clumps of red blood cells can damage tissues by blocking small vessels in kidneys, lung, heart or brain
33
white blood cells
defend body against pathogens remove toxins, wastes and abnormal or damaged cells most reside in connective tissue proper or the lymphatic system
34
characteristics of circulating white blood cells
can migrate out of the blood stream - to deal with infection are capable of amoeboid movement are attracted to specific chemical stimuli, a process termed chemotaxis (can move towards infection) neutophils, eosinophils, and monocytes are capable of phagocytosis macrophages are monocytes that have migrated out of the bloodstream and become actively phagocytic
35
WBC neutrophils
part of the body's non-specific defences 50-70% of circulating WBC are neutrophils highly mobile and first WBC to arrive at a site of injury specialised in phagocytosing bacteria marked with antibodies or complement lifespan 10 hours in the blood or 30 mins phagocytosing dead neutophils form pus 2-5- lobed nucleus
36
WBCs eosinophils
non specific defence 2-4% of circulating WBCs attracted to sites of injury attack objects coated with antibodies attack by exocytosis of toxic compounds so specialised in attacking multicellular parasites - Release toxic substances from intracellular granules - To attack cells to big to be phagocytosed lifespan similar to neutophil (hours to minuted) 2-lobed nucleus
37
WBCs Basophils
non-specific defence <1% of circulating WBCs attracted to sites of injury promote inflammation by releasing histamine to dilate blood vessels and other chemicals to attract other WBCs lifespan not known 2-lobed nucleus
38
WBCs monocytes
non specific defence 2-8% of circulating WBCs attracted to sites of injury where they become phagocytic macrophages, engulfing pathogens and debris lifespan 1-2 days in the blood, months as marcophages kidney bean-shaped nucleus
39
WBCs lymphocytes
parts of the body's specific defence 20-40% of circulating WBCs continually migrate from bloodstream (monitoring for any sign of infection) through peripheral tissues, and back to bloodstream; can live for decades T cells responsible for cell-mediated immunity; either attack abnormal cells (e.g. virally-infected) or control activity of other lymphocytes B cells responsible for humoral immunity; produce antibodies natural killer (NK) cells responsible for immune surveillance and attack abnormal cells (e.g. cancer) A round nucleus surrounded by a thin halo of cytoplasm
40
platelets
made by bone marrow (megakaryocytes) lifespan 9-12 days clump together at sites of injury, forming a platelet plug, to prevent excessive blood loss
41
origins and differentiation of blood cells
lymphoid stem cells for lymphocytes myeloid stem cells for all other blood cells all cells come about through differentiation in the bone marrow - start as stem cells and different growth factors drive towards certain cells
42
Haemostasis
the stopping of bleeding i.e. the prevention of excessive blood loss upon injury three phases: - vasoconstriction to limit blood flow - platelet plug formation - coagulation (or clotting) to stabilise the platelet plug (fibriligen to fibrin network)
43

MEDICAL BIO (17 decks)

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