Week 9: Reproductive Flashcards
Sexual maturation, or puberty, should begin in girls between
ages
8 and 13 years
female reproductive system can be altered by
hormonal
imbalances, infectious microorganisms, inflammation,
structural abnormalities, and benign or malignant proliferative
conditions.
menstrual disorders usually involve disruption of the
HPG axis
vaginitis cause
microorganisms, irritants, disruptions in vaginal pH
vaginitis s&s
vaginal irritation, itching, burning, odor, or
abnormal discharge
primary forms of vaginitis
vulvovaginal
candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis, or trichomoniasis
vulvovestibulitis
inflammation of the skin of the vulva
vulvovestibulitis cause
chemical and mechanical irritants, allergens,
skin disorders, nerve problems, or vaginal infections, such as
candidiasis.
bartholinitis
inflammation of
the ducts that lead from the Bartholin glands to the surface of
the vulva
pelvic inflammatory disease
acute ascending
polymicrobial infection of the upper genital tract and is often
caused by sexually transmitted pathogens that are allowed to
ascend because of disruptions in the normal vaginal flora
Benign ovarian cysts develop from
mature ovarian follicles
that do not release their ova (follicular cysts) or from a corpus
luteum that persists abnormally instead of degenerating
(corpus luteum cyst).
leiomyomas
tumors arising
from the muscle layer of the uterus, the myometrium
leiomyoma prevalence
increases in women between ages 30 and 50; most myomas remain small and asymptomatic
endometriousis
presence of functional endometrial tissue
(i.e., tissue that responds to hormonal stimulation) at sites
outside the uterus
endometriosis causes an
inflammatory
reaction at the site of implantation and is a cause of pain and
infertility.
cervical cancer arises from
cervical epithelium
neoplastic alterations of cervical cancer
(1) cervical
intraepithelial neoplasia (cervical dysplasia), (2) cervical
carcinoma in situ, and (3) invasive cervical carcinoma.
risk factors for vaginal cancer
in utero diethylstilbestrol exposure, prior or cuncurrent cervical cancer
risk factors for ovarian cancer
increased number of
total lifetime ovulations including early menarche, late
menopause, nulliparity, use of fertility drugs. BRCA1, BRCA2,
and HNPCC gene abnormalities also are linked with ovarian
cancer.
risk factors for breast cancer
reproductive, such as nulliparity and
pregnancy-associated breast cancer; familial, such as inherited
gene syndromes; and environmental and lifestyle, such as
hormonal factors and radiation exposure.
most breast cancers are
adenocarcinomas
most breast cancers first arise from
ductal/lobular epithelium as carcinoma in situ
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in the
generation of tissues and organs during embryogenesis, is
essential for driving tissue plasticity during development, and
is hijacked during cancer progression
manifestations of breast cancer
include small painless lump in breast, palpable lymph nodes in the axilla, dimpling of the
skin, nipple and skin retraction, nipple discharge, ulcerations,
reddened skin, and bone pain associated with bony
metastases.
Sexual maturation, or puberty, should begin in boys between
9-14
epididymitis
inflammation of the epididymis, is usually
caused by a sexually transmitted pathogen that ascends
through the vasa deferentia from an already infected urethra
or bladder.
testicular torsion
rotation of a testis, which twists blood
vessels in the spermatic cord. This interrupts blood supply to
the testis, resulting in edema and, if not corrected within 4 to 6
hours, necrosis and atrophy of testicular tissues.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia BPH
enlargement of the
prostate gland. This condition becomes symptomatic as the
enlarging prostate compresses the urethra, causing symptoms
of bladder outlet syndrome and urine retention.
Studies
demonstrate that the activation of a chronic, inflammatory
prostatic response plays an important role in the
pathogenesis
and progression of BPH and prostate cancer.
prostatitis
inflammation of the prostate
prostate cancer causes
genetic predisposition, environmental and dietary
factors, inflammation, and alterations in levels of hormones
(testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol) and growth
factors.
most cancers of the prostate
adenocarcinomas that develop at the periphery of the gland
gonorrhea complications
PID, sterility, and disseminated infection
gonorrhea can be passed from
the mother to the fetus and typically manifests as eye infection 1-12 days after birth
ghonorrhea is rapidly becoming
resistant ABXs
chlamydia
most common bacterial STI and a leading cause of infertility and ectopic pregnancy
causative organism of chlamydia
C. trachomatis
drug of choice for chlamydia
single dose azithromycin
genital herpes cause
HSV1 or HSV2
genital herpes lesions initially appear
as groups of vesicles that progress to ulceration with pain, lymphadenopathy, and fever
recurrent herpes indections are most attributal to
HSV-2
herpes simplex virus
lifelong and can result in an initial outbreak and subsequent outbreaks
HPV
associated with the development of cervical dysplasia and cancer as well as condylomata acuminata
high risk strains of HPV that are precursers to development of cervical cancer do not cause
genital warts
factors affecting male fertility
diminished quantity/production of sperm
diminished quality of sperm
anatomical anomalies
factors affecting female fertility
malfunctions of fallopian tubes, ovaries or reproductive hormones
adhesions from pelvic infection
disruptions of ovulation or implantation
endometriosis
male fertility testing
look at amount, structure, and motility of sperm and obstruction of reproductive tract
female fertility testing
look for patency of reproductive tract, normal ovulation, normal endometrial response to hormones and lack of tumors or infections
acute bacterial prostatitis cm
malaise, low back and perineal pain, high fever, chills, dysuria, inability to empty bladder nocturia
nonbacterial prostatitis CM
May complain of continuous or spasmodic pain or dull ache - prostate gland feels normal on palpation
chronic prostatis cm
complaint of pain or a dull ache that is continuous or spasmodic in the suprapubic, infrapubic, scrotal, penile, or inguinal area
