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Pathophysiology > Week 9: Reproductive > Flashcards

Week 9: Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

Sexual maturation, or puberty, should begin in girls between

ages

A

8 and 13 years

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2
Q

female reproductive system can be altered by

A

hormonal
imbalances, infectious microorganisms, inflammation,
structural abnormalities, and benign or malignant proliferative
conditions.

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3
Q

menstrual disorders usually involve disruption of the

A

HPG axis

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4
Q

vaginitis cause

A

microorganisms, irritants, disruptions in vaginal pH

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5
Q

vaginitis s&s

A

vaginal irritation, itching, burning, odor, or

abnormal discharge

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6
Q

primary forms of vaginitis

A

vulvovaginal

candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis, or trichomoniasis

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7
Q

vulvovestibulitis

A

inflammation of the skin of the vulva

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8
Q

vulvovestibulitis cause

A

chemical and mechanical irritants, allergens,
skin disorders, nerve problems, or vaginal infections, such as
candidiasis.

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9
Q

bartholinitis

A

inflammation of
the ducts that lead from the Bartholin glands to the surface of
the vulva

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10
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease

A

acute ascending
polymicrobial infection of the upper genital tract and is often
caused by sexually transmitted pathogens that are allowed to
ascend because of disruptions in the normal vaginal flora

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11
Q

Benign ovarian cysts develop from

A

mature ovarian follicles
that do not release their ova (follicular cysts) or from a corpus
luteum that persists abnormally instead of degenerating
(corpus luteum cyst).

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12
Q

leiomyomas

A

tumors arising

from the muscle layer of the uterus, the myometrium

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13
Q

leiomyoma prevalence

A

increases in women between ages 30 and 50; most myomas remain small and asymptomatic

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14
Q

endometriousis

A

presence of functional endometrial tissue
(i.e., tissue that responds to hormonal stimulation) at sites
outside the uterus

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15
Q

endometriosis causes an

A

inflammatory
reaction at the site of implantation and is a cause of pain and
infertility.

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16
Q

cervical cancer arises from

A

cervical epithelium

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17
Q

neoplastic alterations of cervical cancer

A

(1) cervical
intraepithelial neoplasia (cervical dysplasia), (2) cervical
carcinoma in situ, and (3) invasive cervical carcinoma.

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18
Q

risk factors for vaginal cancer

A

in utero diethylstilbestrol exposure, prior or cuncurrent cervical cancer

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19
Q

risk factors for ovarian cancer

A

increased number of
total lifetime ovulations including early menarche, late
menopause, nulliparity, use of fertility drugs. BRCA1, BRCA2,
and HNPCC gene abnormalities also are linked with ovarian
cancer.

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20
Q

risk factors for breast cancer

A

reproductive, such as nulliparity and
pregnancy-associated breast cancer; familial, such as inherited
gene syndromes; and environmental and lifestyle, such as
hormonal factors and radiation exposure.

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21
Q

most breast cancers are

A

adenocarcinomas

22
Q

most breast cancers first arise from

A

ductal/lobular epithelium as carcinoma in situ

23
Q

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in the

A

generation of tissues and organs during embryogenesis, is
essential for driving tissue plasticity during development, and
is hijacked during cancer progression

24
Q

manifestations of breast cancer

A

include small painless lump in breast, palpable lymph nodes in the axilla, dimpling of the
skin, nipple and skin retraction, nipple discharge, ulcerations,
reddened skin, and bone pain associated with bony
metastases.

25
Q

Sexual maturation, or puberty, should begin in boys between

A

9-14

26
Q

epididymitis

A

inflammation of the epididymis, is usually
caused by a sexually transmitted pathogen that ascends
through the vasa deferentia from an already infected urethra
or bladder.

27
Q

testicular torsion

A

rotation of a testis, which twists blood
vessels in the spermatic cord. This interrupts blood supply to
the testis, resulting in edema and, if not corrected within 4 to 6
hours, necrosis and atrophy of testicular tissues.

28
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia BPH

A

enlargement of the
prostate gland. This condition becomes symptomatic as the
enlarging prostate compresses the urethra, causing symptoms
of bladder outlet syndrome and urine retention.

29
Q

Studies
demonstrate that the activation of a chronic, inflammatory
prostatic response plays an important role in the

A

pathogenesis

and progression of BPH and prostate cancer.

30
Q

prostatitis

A

inflammation of the prostate

31
Q

prostate cancer causes

A

genetic predisposition, environmental and dietary
factors, inflammation, and alterations in levels of hormones
(testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol) and growth
factors.

32
Q

most cancers of the prostate

A

adenocarcinomas that develop at the periphery of the gland

33
Q

gonorrhea complications

A

PID, sterility, and disseminated infection

34
Q

gonorrhea can be passed from

A

the mother to the fetus and typically manifests as eye infection 1-12 days after birth

35
Q

ghonorrhea is rapidly becoming

A

resistant ABXs

36
Q

chlamydia

A

most common bacterial STI and a leading cause of infertility and ectopic pregnancy

37
Q

causative organism of chlamydia

A

C. trachomatis

38
Q

drug of choice for chlamydia

A

single dose azithromycin

39
Q

genital herpes cause

A

HSV1 or HSV2

40
Q

genital herpes lesions initially appear

A

as groups of vesicles that progress to ulceration with pain, lymphadenopathy, and fever

41
Q

recurrent herpes indections are most attributal to

A

HSV-2

42
Q

herpes simplex virus

A

lifelong and can result in an initial outbreak and subsequent outbreaks

43
Q

HPV

A

associated with the development of cervical dysplasia and cancer as well as condylomata acuminata

44
Q

high risk strains of HPV that are precursers to development of cervical cancer do not cause

A

genital warts

45
Q

factors affecting male fertility

A

diminished quantity/production of sperm
diminished quality of sperm
anatomical anomalies

46
Q

factors affecting female fertility

A

malfunctions of fallopian tubes, ovaries or reproductive hormones
adhesions from pelvic infection
disruptions of ovulation or implantation
endometriosis

47
Q

male fertility testing

A

look at amount, structure, and motility of sperm and obstruction of reproductive tract

48
Q

female fertility testing

A

look for patency of reproductive tract, normal ovulation, normal endometrial response to hormones and lack of tumors or infections

49
Q

acute bacterial prostatitis cm

A

malaise, low back and perineal pain, high fever, chills, dysuria, inability to empty bladder nocturia

50
Q

nonbacterial prostatitis CM

A

May complain of continuous or spasmodic pain or dull ache - prostate gland feels normal on palpation

51
Q

chronic prostatis cm

A

complaint of pain or a dull ache that is continuous or spasmodic in the suprapubic, infrapubic, scrotal, penile, or inguinal area

Pathophysiology (12 decks)

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