Week 1: Cells & Immune System Flashcards
atrophy is the
decrease in size of cells
physiologic atrophy occurs
with ealy dev., similar to the thymus
pathologic atrophy results from
decreases in workload, use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal & nervous stimulation
atrophy can also result from decreased
protein synthesis, increased protein catabolism or both
hypertrophy is the
increase in size of cells
hypertrophy is caused by the
increased work demand or hormones
hyperplasia is the
increase in number of cells
hyperplasia is caused by
increased rate of cellular division by either compensatory or hormonal means
cellular dysplasia is the
abnormal change in size, shape, or organization of cells
cellular metaplasia is the
reversible replacement of one mature cell with another sometimes less differentiated cell
hypoxia
lack of oxygen
anoxia
total lack of oxygen
ischemia
reduced blood supply leading to cellular death
free radical
atom or atoms having an unpaired electron
necrosis is the process of
cellular dissolution
apoptosis is
programmed cell death characterized by active cellular self destruction
hematoma
collection of blood in soft tissues
contusion
bruise
laceration
tear in the skin
avulsion
flap of lacerated skin
abrasion
removal of superficial layers of skin
physical and chemical barriers
Includes skin and other epithelial linings
Mucus, sweat, tears, earwax, saliva
Proteins on skin
Normal bacterial flora
Mechanical processes like cough, vomiting, or sneezing
second line of defence
inflammatory response
inflammatory response is activated by
infection mechanical damage oxygen deprivaiton chemical agents temp radiation
type of immune response
- non specific immune response
- specific immune response (humoral B cells, and cell mediated T cells)
sx of inflammation
increased blood flow results in heat
increased capillary leakage causes swelling
increased histamine and other cytokines causes pain & itching
1st step: humoral mediated immune response
First step is activation phase where macrophages engulf some foreign invader and present the antigens on their surface
2nd step: humoral mediated immune response
T helper cells recognize and bind to the displayed antigens
3rd step: humoral mediated immune response
called the effector phase, activated Th cells trigger the specific B cells to proliferate and release antibodies
cell mediated immune response
cytotoxic (killer) T cells attacks body cells that have been infected by virus, bacteria, or fungus
inflammatory phase
the wound is rinsed by blood and filled with blood collagen and fibrin constituents
proliferative phase
resorption of blood-collagen and reepithelialization
maturation and remodling phase
growth of new epithelial cells
stress response involves what branch of the nervous system and what glands of the endocrine system
sympathetic, pituitary & adrenal glands
epinephrine
enhances cardiac motility, increased heart rate and venous return, dilates skeletal blood vessels, causes transient hyperglycemia, mobilizes free fatty acids and cholesterol
norepinephrine
regulates/raises blood pressure by constricting peripheral vessels, inhibits GI activity, dilates eyes
cortisol
Mobilizes substances needed for cellular metabolism
Enhances elevation of blood glucose which allows other hormones actions to be enhanced
High cortisol may cause immunosuppression
Directly influences immune responses to antibodies, suppresses inflammatory response
aldosterone
Sodium balance is mediated by aldosterone (a mineralocorticoid)
Synthesized and secreted by the adrenal cortex
Action of aldosterone is to increase the reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium by the distal tubule of the kidney
