Week 1: Cells & Immune System

Question 1

atrophy is the

Answer 1

decrease in size of cells

Question 2

physiologic atrophy occurs

Answer 2

with ealy dev., similar to the thymus

Question 3

pathologic atrophy results from

Answer 3

decreases in workload, use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal & nervous stimulation

Question 4

atrophy can also result from decreased

Answer 4

protein synthesis, increased protein catabolism or both

Question 5

hypertrophy is the

Answer 5

increase in size of cells

Question 6

hypertrophy is caused by the

Answer 6

increased work demand or hormones

Question 7

hyperplasia is the

Answer 7

increase in number of cells

Question 8

hyperplasia is caused by

Answer 8

increased rate of cellular division by either compensatory or hormonal means

Question 9

cellular dysplasia is the

Answer 9

abnormal change in size, shape, or organization of cells

Question 10

cellular metaplasia is the

Answer 10

reversible replacement of one mature cell with another sometimes less differentiated cell

Question 11

hypoxia

Answer 11

lack of oxygen

Question 12

anoxia

Answer 12

total lack of oxygen

Question 13

ischemia

Answer 13

reduced blood supply leading to cellular death

Question 14

free radical

Answer 14

atom or atoms having an unpaired electron

Question 15

necrosis is the process of

Answer 15

cellular dissolution

Question 16

apoptosis is

Answer 16

programmed cell death characterized by active cellular self destruction

Question 17

hematoma

Answer 17

collection of blood in soft tissues

Question 18

contusion

Answer 18

bruise

Question 19

laceration

Answer 19

tear in the skin

Question 20

avulsion

Answer 20

flap of lacerated skin

Question 21

abrasion

Answer 21

removal of superficial layers of skin

Question 22

physical and chemical barriers

Answer 22

Includes skin and other epithelial linings
Mucus, sweat, tears, earwax, saliva
Proteins on skin
Normal bacterial flora
Mechanical processes like cough, vomiting, or sneezing

Question 23

second line of defence

Answer 23

inflammatory response

Question 24

inflammatory response is activated by

Answer 24

infection
mechanical damage
oxygen deprivaiton
chemical agents
temp
radiation

Question 25

type of immune response

Answer 25

• non specific immune response

- specific immune response (humoral B cells, and cell mediated T cells)

Question 26

sx of inflammation

Answer 26

increased blood flow results in heat
increased capillary leakage causes swelling
increased histamine and other cytokines causes pain & itching

Question 27

1st step: humoral mediated immune response

Answer 27

First step is activation phase where macrophages engulf some foreign invader and present the antigens on their surface

Question 28

2nd step: humoral mediated immune response

Answer 28

T helper cells recognize and bind to the displayed antigens

Question 29

3rd step: humoral mediated immune response

Answer 29

called the effector phase, activated Th cells trigger the specific B cells to proliferate and release antibodies

Question 30

cell mediated immune response

Answer 30

cytotoxic (killer) T cells attacks body cells that have been infected by virus, bacteria, or fungus

Question 31

inflammatory phase

Answer 31

the wound is rinsed by blood and filled with blood collagen and fibrin constituents

Question 32

proliferative phase

Answer 32

resorption of blood-collagen and reepithelialization

Question 33

maturation and remodling phase

Answer 33

growth of new epithelial cells

Question 34

stress response involves what branch of the nervous system and what glands of the endocrine system

Answer 34

sympathetic, pituitary & adrenal glands

Question 35

epinephrine

Answer 35

enhances cardiac motility, increased heart rate and venous return, dilates skeletal blood vessels, causes transient hyperglycemia, mobilizes free fatty acids and cholesterol

Question 36

norepinephrine

Answer 36

regulates/raises blood pressure by constricting peripheral vessels, inhibits GI activity, dilates eyes

Question 37

cortisol

Answer 37

Mobilizes substances needed for cellular metabolism
Enhances elevation of blood glucose which allows other hormones actions to be enhanced
High cortisol may cause immunosuppression
Directly influences immune responses to antibodies, suppresses inflammatory response

Question 38

aldosterone

Answer 38

Sodium balance is mediated by aldosterone (a mineralocorticoid)
Synthesized and secreted by the adrenal cortex
Action of aldosterone is to increase the reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium by the distal tubule of the kidney