Week 9 Renal Flashcards by Chelsea Roxburgh

Cells of the adrenal cortex produce

aldosterone.

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Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include

Answers:
hydrogen ions.

penicillin.

ammonium ions.

potassium ions.

All of the answers are correct.

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Calculate filtration pressure (FP) in a nephron with a glomerular hydrostatic pressure of 55 mm Hg, a blood colloid osmotic pressure of 25 mm Hg, and a capsular hydrostatic pressure of 15 mm Hg.

FP = 15 mm Hg

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In a lean adult male, the body consists of about ________ percent water.

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Which of the following changes would bring about an increase in the glomerular filtration rate?

an increase in the glomerular (blood) hydrostatic pressure.

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The filtration pressure at the glomerulus is equal to

glomerularhydrostatic pressure - (capsular hydrostatic pressure + glomerular capillary osmotic pressure).

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Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of

aldosterone.

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The extracellular fluid (ECF) consists of the

Answers:
plasma.

interstitial fluid.

cerebrospinal fluid.

lymph.

All of the answers are correct.

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Functions of the urinary system include

Answers:
regulation of blood volume and blood pressure.

regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions.

helping to stabilize blood pH.

conservation of valuable nutrients.

All of the answers are correct.

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During the micturition reflex,

Answers:
stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord.

parasympathetic motor neurons that control the detrusor muscle become active.

the internal sphincter is subconsciously relaxed.

the external sphincter is consciously relaxed.

All of the answers are correct.

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When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,

osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF

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The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is;

absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water

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The release of atrial natriuretic peptides from the heart will cause the body to

decrease ECF and excrete sodium ions.

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Which of the following is not a normal constituent of urine?

Answers:
hydrogen ions

urea

large proteins

amino acids

creatinine

large proteins

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Which hormone(s) is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume?

Answers:
antidiuretic hormone

aldosterone

parathyroid hormone

acetylcholine

natriuretic peptides

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The process of ________ involves a carrier protein that can transport a molecule across the cell membrane down its concentration gradient.

simple diffusion

facilitated diffusion

osmosis

bulk transport

active transport

facilitated diffusion

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The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of which three layers?

endothelium of glomerulus, dense layer of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits

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Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following except

stem cell movements.

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As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation?

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The process of filtration is driven mainly by

blood hydrostatic pressure.

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About two-thirds of the body’s fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid.

intracellular

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Which of the following components of the nephron is largely confined to the renal medulla?

collecting ducts

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Measurement of the functions of a nephron reveals a glomerular capillary pressure of 69 mm Hg, and a pressure in the capsular space of 15 mm Hg. Assuming that the colloid osmotic pressure is 30 mm Hg, and that essentially no plasma proteins are filtered by the glomerulus, what is the net filtration pressure in this case?

24 mm Hg

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The process of filtration occurs at the ____________________ and the filtrate first passes from here to the _________________________.

glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule, proximal convoluted tubule.

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The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the

distal convoluted tubule.

Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the

efferent arteriole.

Exchange between the two main subdivisions of ECF occurs primarily at the

capillaries.

Typical renal blood flow is about ________ ml/min under resting conditions.

1200

The release of atrial natriuretic peptides from the heart will cause the body to

decrease ECF and excrete sodium ions.

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of the

loop of Henle and the collecting duct.

In which of the following segments of the nephron does hormone-regulated fine tuning of tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion take place?

collecting duct.

A transport mechanism that can move a substance against a concentration gradient by using cellular energy is

active transport.

Eighty percent of nephrons in the human kidney are located in the ________ and have short nephron loops.

cortex

Approximately 60% of our body water is contained in which body fluid compartment?

intracellular fluid.

The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle) is almost impermeable to water, but reabsorbs sodium, potassium, and chloride ions from the filtrate. The first statement is true but the second statement is false. The first statement is false but the second statement is true. Both statements are true most of the time. Both statements are false. Both are true and relate to production of a dilute urine.

Both are true and relate to production of a dilute urine.

Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the extracellular fluid (ECF) volume by; Answers: a. causing the release of antidiuretic hormone. b. stimulating the kidneys to conserve sodium. c. triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone. d. all of the answers above, a-c, are correct.

d. | all of the answers above, a-c, are correct.

Which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood? Answers: antidiuretic hormone angiotensin II parathyroid hormone ANP adrenaline

antidiuretic hormone

Antidiuretic hormone Answers: increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water. is secreted in response to low potassium ion in the blood. causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of very dilute urine. is secreted by the anterior pituitary. release is insensitive to the osmolarity of interstitial fluid.

increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.

Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures?

collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

Antidiuretic hormone Answers: is released from the posterior pituitary gland. stimulates water intake. stimulates water conservation by the kidneys. is produced by the hypothalamus. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) in the glomerulus is generated by

presence of albumin proteins in blood plasma.

The process of filtration occurs at the ____________________ and the filtrate first passes from here to the _________________________.

glomerular (Bowman's) capsule, proximal convoluted tubule.

Cells of the adrenal cortex produce

aldosterone

The process of tubular reabsorption involves the movement of molecules from the:

nephron tubules into the peritubular capillaries

The process of filtration is driven mainly by

blood hydrostatic pressure.

Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of

aldosterone.

The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries, that surround the proximal convoluted tubules.

peritubular

In the renal corpuscle, the glomerular epithelium is a layer of specialized cells called

podocytes.

In the process of ________, two substances are moved across a cell membrane in the same direction without directly using cellular energy. One of the substances can be moved against a concentration gradient by this process.

cotransport

Functions of the urinary system include Answers: regulation of blood volume and blood pressure. regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions. helping to stabilize blood pH. conservation of valuable nutrients. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following except

stem cell movements.

Cells of the adrenal cortex produce

aldosterone.

Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism?

antidiuretic hormone

When the level of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) decreases,

the osmolarity of the urine decreases.

Which of the following substances are not normally found in the filtrate? Answers: chloride ions water protein urea potassium ions

protein

As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation?

In the proximal tubule, glucose is reabsorbed by which of the following transport processes?

secondary active transport.

Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the lumen in the PCT is largely by means of

cotransport.

Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the

efferent arteriole.

Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of

aldosterone.

A glomerulus is Answers: the expanded end of a nephron. a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle. the source of erythropoietin. attached to the collecting duct. the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron.

a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.

Which of the following statements is false regarding micturition? Answers: When you relax the external urethral sphincter, the internal sphincter will relax. Urination will be completed despite voluntary opposition. Parasympathetic nervous control is involved with the micturition reflex. Stretch receptors in the bladder are stimulated by the warm temperature of the urine. Bladder contractions can force open the internal urethral sphincter.

Stretch receptors in the bladder are stimulated by the warm temperature of the urine.

An increase in the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) will cause a decrease in;

urine volume.

Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day.

180