Week 9 readings Flashcards
Fox (1988) - self esteem has been assigned by some psychologists (Campbell 1984) the status of the first law of human behaviour. What does this law state?
That through direction and persistence in chosen behaviours, we constantly seek to maintain or increase our own sense of excellence.
Fox (1988) - summarise the hierarchical structure
This model suggests we have an overall relatively stable global self-esteem apex, which is the outcome of evaluative perceptions in several life domains, e.g. academic, social, physical.
Each domain is further divided into subdomains so as you descend through the hierarchy, perceptions become more specific.
The model suggests that perceptions of success or failure in the lower level more specific domains can be channelled upwards to change more enduring aspects of self-esteem.
Theoretically, at the base are “right now” feelings. This is often termed self-efficacy.
Fox (1988) - how can individuals personalise their self esteem?
Self-serve – attach greater importance to those areas that provide a sense of accomplishment.
Discount the importance of those domains where the continuously experience lack of competence.
Fox (1988) - what is the “looking glass self” (Cooley, 1902)?
It suggests that our self-esteem is a reflection of the way significant people (parents in particular but also friends and teachers) in our lives view and interact with us.
Fox (1988) - what did Gruber (1986) conclude about the promotion of self esteem?
Programmes which allow close student/teacher interaction, and encourage student input, seem to be most effective.
Fox (1988) - based on the self-esteem theory, what three components are suggested as targets for physical educators who wish to maximise the opportunities for self-esteem development?
Provide helpful competence information
Provide importance information
Provide social support
Fox (1992) - what did Sontstroem (1984) conclude?
That even a few weeks exposure to a PA programme can result in improved self-esteem.
Fox (1992) - what did Harter (1990) in his study on teenagers and self-esteem?
Teenagers who felt that their competencies could not match up to their parent’s aspirations had lower self-esteem and were more likely to be depressed.
Fox (1992) - developmental changes in self-perceptions - middle aged children
Abilities become more differentiated so the beginnings of self-esteem hierarchies are detectable.
By the age of 10 they seem to be able to give self-ratings of reasonable accuracy
Have an unsophisticated view (e.g. fitness defined as being able to run fast).
Fox (1992) - developmental changes in self-perceptions - early adolescence
Children will also some idea of their future potential
Begin to integrate abilities and social roles into a single identity and start to weigh up the domains of involvement against each other.
Bodies and appearances are changing drastically at this time, as well as a changing mental self (conflicting identity).
Weiss (1996) - according to Markus (1986) there are core self-conceptions which and tentative self-conceptions, what are the differences between these?
Core - central to defining the self and tend to be always accessible
Tentative - accessibility is dependent upon the immediate social situation
Weiss (1996) - what did Smith et al (1979) find in a study on baseball coaches and the self esteem of their athletes?
Coaches assigned to either training or control group
Trained coaches instructed in the use of positive coaching behaviours
Postseason measures of self-esteem suggested that individuals who played for the trained coaches felt significantly better about themselves than individuals who played for the control coaches.
Weiss (1996) - summarise age related differences
Children under age of 10 indicated they rely more heavily upon adult feedback and enjoyment of sport than do children 10—14.
Older youth prefer peer comparison and evaluation as a primary means to judge competence.
In the later adolescent years (16—18 years) greater emphasis is placed on self-referenced information.
Weiss (1996) - summarise gender preferences
Research across middle and late childhood revealed no gender differences on preferences for information (Horn, 1986).
Differences show up starting in early adolescence and extend through young adulthood (Ebbeck, 1990).
Horn et al. found that adolescent female athletes placed greater importance on the use of self-comparison information than male athletes, who identified competitive outcomesas primary forms of judging personal competence.
Weiss (1996) - outline some of the strategies for enhancing self-esteem and perceived competence
Mastery experiences
Social support
Maximizing positive affect
Self-regulated learning
