Week 9 - Organic Chemistry I Flashcards
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary carbon
a carbon that is bonded with 1, 2, 3, and 4 other carbons
Single bond
AKA saturated, meaning ‘full’
Double and triple bonds are…
unsaturated
Heteroatoms
PONS: phosphorus, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur (and halides)
Hydrocarbon suffixes
single bonds: -ane
double bonds: -ene
triple bonds: -yne
Cyclic hydrocarbons
single bonds: cycloalkane
double bond: cycloalkene
3 double/3 single: aromatics, benzene rings
10 base names (alkane)
methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
hexane
heptane
octane
nonane
decane
gases vs. liquids
meth - but: gases
pent - dec: liquids
Hydrocarbons are…
non-polar
the only intermolecular force present in hydrocarbons is…
London Dispersion Forces
as molar mass increases, alkanes become…
less volatile
shape of cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane?
triangle, square, pentagon
C to H ratio in alkanes
C(n) H(2n+2)
C to H ratio in alkenes
C(n) H(2n)
ethene –> octene
boiling point increases
C to H ratio in alkynes
C(n) H(2n-2)
How to calculate degree of unsaturation?
(Difference in # of hydrogens for the saturated version vs alkane version) / 2; so for example octyne has 14 H, octane has 18, so 4/2 =2 and octyne has 2 units of unsaturation
How many units of unsaturation for each bond?
double bond - 1
triple - 2
each ring - 1
can use this when calculating for more complex molecules by just counting how many of each thing there is
Most common alkyl substituents
methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, chloro (Cl), bromo (Br), iodo (I), fluoro (F)
subsituents go in…
alphabetical order (prefixes like di, tri are ignored)
Naming order in cycloalkanes
if only one substituent, no need to specify number
if multiple, try to make it so they have the lowest number possible and they are in increasing number and alphabetical order
also try to get the fewest sum of all numbers possible
Cyclo ALWAYS…
gets the base name
in cycloalkenes…
carbons of the double bond are assigned number 1 and 2
naming alkenes
longest chain must include the double bond, start numbering from the end closest to the double bond
naming alkynes
longest chain must include the triple bond, start numbering from the end closest to triple bond
if both double and triple bonds are present…
number the chain to get the lowest possible numbers; if a tie, -ene gets the lowest numbers
Benzene ring hybridization
all ring carbon atoms sp2
organic compounds that are not aromatic (benzene) are…
aliphatic
aromatic (benzene) rings have special…
stability (low reactivity)
Naming on benzene rings
substituent on location 1, then anything else is ortho, then meta, para
Alkynes will always be drawn (hybridization)…
as a straight line, because they are sp
